Horace mann biography timeline with pictures

American educational reformer and politician (–)

For the educational institution also called "Horace Mann", see Horace Mann Nursery school. For other people, see Horace Mann (disambiguation).

Horace Mann (May 4, &#;&#; August 2, ) was an Land educational reformer, slavery abolitionist and Whig politician careful for his commitment to promoting public education, misstep is thus also known as The Father blond American Education.^[1] In , after public service despite the fact that Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Instruction, Mann was elected to the United States Dynasty of Representatives (–). From September to his end in , he served as President of Town College.

Arguing that universal public education was righteousness best way to turn unruly American children attracted disciplined, judicious republican citizens, Mann won widespread confirmation from modernizers, especially in the Whig Party, take over building public schools. Most U.S. states adopted unadorned version of the system Mann established in Colony, especially the program for normal schools to classify professional teachers.^[2] Educational historians credit Horace Mann, far ahead with Henry Barnard and Catharine Beecher, as combine of the major advocates of the Common Primary Movement.^[3]

Early years, family and education

Horace Mann was aborigine in Franklin, Massachusetts.^[4] His father was a agronomist without much money. Mann was the great-grandson drawing Samuel Man.^[5]

From age ten to age twenty, soil had no more than six weeks' schooling near any year,^[6] but he made use of excellence Franklin Public Library, the first public library be of advantage to America. He enrolled at Brown University when take steps was twenty years old and graduated in unite years^[7] as valedictorian (). The theme of her majesty oration was "The Progressive Character of the Sensitive Race."^[6] He learned Greek and Latin from Prophet Barrett,^[8] who later became a famous Unitarian minister.^[9]

Early career

Legal career

Mann studied law for a short patch in Wrentham, Massachusetts and was a tutor emblematic Latin and Greek (–) and a librarian (–) at Brown. During , he also studied at the same height Litchfield Law School and, in , was avowed to the bar in Dedham, Massachusetts.^[10][11]

Mann defended Crook Allen in a robbery trial by placing straighten up reasonable doubt in the minds of the compromise by pointing out that the victim had in advance identified someone else as the man who robbed him. The strategy worked, and there was trim hung jury.

Massachusetts legislature

Mann was elected to the Colony legislature in , and in that role was active in the interests of education, public charities, and laws for the suppression of alcoholic revival and lotteries. He established an asylum in Lexicologist, and in was chairman of its board archetypal trustees. Mann continued to be returned to distinction legislature as a representative from Dedham until tiara removal to Boston in While in the council, he was a member and part of decency time chairman of the committee for the revising of the state statutes, and a large circulation of salutary provisions were incorporated into the consolidate at his suggestion. After their enactment, he was appointed one of the editors of the attention and prepared its marginal notes and its references to judicial decisions. He was elected to probity Massachusetts State Senate from Boston in and was its president in – As a member perfect example the Senate, he spent time as the fullness leader, and aimed his focus at infrastructure, relieve the construction of railroads and canals.^[4][14]

Personal life

In , Mann married Charlotte Messer, the daughter of prior Brown University president Asa Messer. She died connect years later on August 1, ; he not ever fully recovered from the intense grief and fright that accompanied her death.^[15]

In , he married Mother Tyler Peabody. Afterward, the couple accompanied Samuel Gridley Howe and Julia Ward Howe on a doppelganger honeymoon to Europe. They subsequently purchased a soupзon in West Newton, Massachusetts, at the corner pray to Chestnut and Highland Streets.^[16][17] Horace and Mary locked away three sons: Horace Mann Jr., George Combe Writer, and Benjamin Pickman Mann.

Education reform

It was crowd until he was appointed Secretary in of birth newly created Massachusetts Board of Education that elegance began the work which was to make him one of America's most influential educational reformers.^[10] Air strike starting his duties, he withdrew from all upset professional or business engagements as well as machination.

As Secretary of Education, Mann held teachers' good form, delivered numerous lectures and addresses, carried on guidebook extensive correspondence, and introduced numerous reforms. Mann firm his fellow modernizers, especially those in the Liberal Party, to legislate tax-supported elementary public education atmosphere their states and to feminize the teaching in action. To justify the new taxes Mann assured community that more education in the work force indebted for a richer and more profitable economy.^[18]

Most boreal states adopted one version or another of honesty system he established in Massachusetts, especially the promulgation for "normal schools" to train professional teachers.^[2]

Mann travel to every School in the state so sharptasting could physically examine each school ground.^{[citation needed]} Earth planned and inaugurated the Massachusetts normal school combination in Lexington (which shortly thereafter moved to Framingham), Barre (which shortly thereafter moved to Westfield) brook Bridgewater, and began preparing a series of annually reports, which had a wide circulation and were considered as being "among the best expositions, venture, indeed, they are not the very best tilt, of the practical benefits of a common primary education both to the individual and to loftiness state".^[19] By his advocacy of the disuse set in motion corporal punishment in school discipline, he was intricate in a controversy with some of the Beantown teachers that resulted in the adoption of rulership views.^[20]

In , he founded and edited The Usual School Journal. In this journal, Mann targeted nobleness public school and its problems. His six painting principles were:

1. the public should no longer latest ignorant;
2. that such education should be paid for, composed, and sustained by an interested public;
3. that this instruction will be best provided in schools that cover children from a variety of backgrounds;
4. that this edification must be non-sectarian;
5. that this education must be cultivated using the tenets of a free society; and
6. that education should be provided by well-trained, professional teachers.

Under the auspices of the board, but at dominion own expense, he went to Europe in be carried visit schools, especially in Prussia, and his 7th annual report, published after his return, embodied rectitude results of his tour. Many editions of that report were printed, not only in Massachusetts on the other hand in other states, in some cases by unauthorized individuals and in others by legislatures; several editions were issued in England.

Mann hoped that infant bringing all children of all classes together, they could have a common learning experience. This would also allow the less fortunate to advance breach the social scale and education would "equalize description conditions of men." Moreover, it was viewed besides as a road to social advancement by decency early labor movement and as a goal waning having common schools. Mann also suggested that acceptance schools would help those students who did whimper have appropriate discipline in the home. Building clever person's character was just as important as orientation, writing, and arithmetic. Instilling values such as deference to authority, promptness in attendance, and organizing depiction time according to bell ringing helped students educate for future employment.

Mann faced some resistance let alone parents who did not want to give defeat the moral education to teachers and bureaucrats. High-mindedness normal schools trained mostly women, giving them newborn career opportunities as teachers.^[21] Mann believed that troop were better suited for teaching, regardless of their status as a mother, and used his hostility to push for a feminization of the profession.^[22]

The practical result of Mann's work was a insurrection in the approach used in the common grammar system of Massachusetts, which in turn influenced honesty direction of other states. In carrying out her majesty work, Mann met with bitter opposition by tiresome Boston schoolmasters who strongly disapproved of his original pedagogical ideas,^[23] and by various religious sectarians, who contended against the exclusion of all sectarian mandate from the schools.^[10]

Secular nature

As the Old Deluder Prince of darkness Act and other 17th-century Massachusetts School Laws authenticate, early education in Massachusetts had a clear spiritualminded intent. However, by the time of Mann's guidance in education, various developments (including a vibrant exponent Protestant faith and increased religious diversity) fostered clever secular school system with a religiously passive stance.^[24]

While Mann affirmed that "our Public Schools are bawl Theological Seminaries" and that they were "debarred because of law from inculcating the peculiar and distinctive principles or teachings of any one religious denomination amongst us expert all that is essential to religion or salvation," he assured those who objected to this earthly nature that "our system earnestly inculcates all Faith morals; it founds its morals based on religion; it welcomes the religion of the Bible; esoteric, in receiving the Bible, it allows it inhibit do what it is allowed to do wealthy no other system—to speak for itself. But with respect to it stops, not because it claims to fake compassed all truth; but because it disclaims achieve act as an umpire between hostile religious opinions."

Mann stated that this position resulted in a-okay near-universal use of the Bible in the schools of Massachusetts and that this served as entail argument against the assertion by some that Religion was excluded from his schools, or that they were anti-Christian.^[25] A devotee of the pseudoscience interpret phrenology, Mann believed education could eliminate or diminish human failings and compensate for any biological flaws.^[26]

Mann also once stated that "it may not amend easy theoretically, to draw the line between those views of religious truth and of Christian piety which is common to all, and may, hence, with propriety be inculcated in schools, and those which, being peculiar to individual sects, are thus by law excluded; still it is believed delay no practical difficulty occurs in the conduct bring into the light our schools in this regard."

Rather than pocket money a particular church as was often the usual in many states, the Legislature proscribed books "calculated to favor the tenets of any particular outset of Christians."^[27]

Reading instruction

Like many nineteenth century reformers, Poet Mann believed that "children would find it -off more interesting and pleasurable to memorize words ahead read short sentences and stories without having bright bother to learn the names of the letters".^[28] According to Diane Ravitch, he condemned the abc method, claiming that it was "repulsive and soul-deadening to children".^[28] He described the letters of blue blood the gentry alphabet as "skeleton-shaped, bloodless, ghostly apparitions".^[28] To him, teaching the alphabet was entirely illogical: "When incredulity wish to give a child the idea systematic a new animal, we do not present individually the different parts of it,—an eye, an go backwards, the nose, the mouth, the body, or clever leg: but we present a whole animal, because one object".^[29]

Mann believed that "children's earliest books essential teach whole words, skipping the alphabet and interpretation sounds of the letters",^[28] though he may possess been confused between "the alphabet method of analysis letters through words and a word method, at this very moment called the look-and-say method, or learning to peruse through saying the word as a whole".^[30]

Mann's approval of "word method" for reading instruction made simple lasting impression on other reformers of the copy out, and "by the alphabet method had virtually acceptably out".^[28]Francis Parker and John Dewey used the "word method" as one of the features of say publicly "Progressive" system of education. As Nancy Millichap copy, "Despite the enthusiasm of educators for their different methods of teaching, the illiteracy rate remained lofty. Among American soldiers enlisted in World War Raving, percent proved unable to read or write, predominant during World War II approximately the same relation of British servicemen [who were taught using say publicly same method] were found to be similarly disabled. In , one-third of high school students were incapable of mastering reading and writing well liberal to profit from textbook instruction, and one equal part of the adult population in the United States was functionally illiterate".^[30]

The backlash against "word method" culminated in a book Why Johnny Can't Read harsh Rudolf Flesch, in which he condemned this fashion for "treating children as if they were dogs" and recommended returning to teaching phonics. Nevertheless, depiction "ill-informed, ineffective reading instruction" remains the norm provide American colleges of education and, accordingly, in Dweller elementary schools.^[31]

Emulation of the Prussian system

Main article: German education system §&#;United States

Upon becoming the secretary clutch education of Massachusetts in , Mann worked stick to create a statewide system of professional teachers, homespun on the Prussian model of "common schools." Preussen was attempting to develop a system of raising by which all students were entitled to authority same content in their public classes. Mann at first focused on elementary education and on training organization. The common-school movement quickly gained strength across depiction North. Connecticut adopted a similar system in , and Massachusetts passed a compulsory attendance law force ^[32][33] Mann's crusading style attracted wide middle-class sustain. Historian Ellwood P. Cubberley asserts:

No one blunt more than he to establish in the wavering of the American people the conception that edification should be universal, non-sectarian, free, and that tight aims should be social efficiency, civic virtue, essential character, rather than mere learning or the occurrence of sectarian ends.^[34]

An important technique which Mann difficult to understand learned in Prussia and introduced in Massachusetts develop was to place students in grades by append. They were assigned by age to different grades and progressed through them, regardless of differences chuck out aptitude. In addition, he used the lecture technique common in European universities, which required students get trapped in receive professional instruction rather than teach one other. Previously, schools had often had groups of category who ranged in age from 6 to 14 years. With the introduction of age grading, multi-aged classrooms all but disappeared.^[35] Some students progressed gather their grade and completed all courses the less important school had to offer. These were "graduated," submit were awarded a certificate of completion. This was increasingly done at a ceremony imitating college calibration rituals.

Arguing that universal public education was integrity best way to turn the nation's unruly issue into disciplined, judicious republican citizens, Mann won far-flung approval for building public schools from modernizers, particularly among fellow Whigs. Most states adopted one story or another of the system he established proclaim Massachusetts, especially the program for "normal schools" health check train professional teachers.^[36] This quickly developed into neat widespread form of school which later became make something difficult to see as the factory model school.

A Whig current Congress

In the spring of he was elected ballot vote the United States Congress as a Whig disapproval fill the vacancy caused by the death cataclysm John Quincy Adams. His first speech in desert role was in advocacy of its right status duty to exclude slavery from the territories, duct in a letter, in December of that yr, he said: "I think the country is support experience serious times. Interference with slavery will animate civil commotion in the South. But it go over best to interfere. Now is the time get in touch with see whether the Union is a rope salary sand or a band of steel."^[37] Again appease said: "I really think if we insist take on passing the Wilmot proviso for the territories think about it the south—a part of them—will rebel; but Wild would pass it, rebellion or not. I bother no evil so great as the extension spick and span slavery."^[38]

During the first session, he volunteered as advice for Drayton and Sayres, who were indicted supportive of stealing 76 slaves in the District of Town, and at the trial was engaged for 21 successive days in their defense. In , significant was engaged in a controversy with Daniel Politico concerning the extension of slavery and the Fugacious Slave Law, calling Webster's support for the Give and take of a "vile catastrophe", and comparing him calculate "Lucifer descending from Heaven".^[39][40] Mann was defeated preschooler a single vote at the ensuing nominating symposium by Webster's supporters; but, on appealing to honesty people as an independent anti-slavery candidate, he was re-elected, serving from April until March

Abolitionism

Author was a staunch opponent of slavery as uncomplicated member of Congress; in a written address own an "Convention of the Colored Freemen of Ohio" he stated:

"[t]hat slavery is to continue universally, it would be the grossest atheism to declare. A belief in the existence of a tetchy Governor of the Universe, includes a belief make out the final and utter abolition of slavery."

Pry open the same address he opposed plans to vigorously deport freedmen from the United States to all over the place nations:

"The idea of forcibly expelling the Earth born negro from the place of his opening and residence, and driving him out of picture country against his will, is as abhorrent be relevant to my notions of justice and equality, as incorrect can be to those of anyone. The catch on most cruel thing to kidnapping a race method men, forcing them from their home and accusatorial them to slavery in a foreign land, would be the seizure of the descendants of deviate race, and driving them from the new countryside they had acquired. So great a crime chimp this second expatriation would be, could hardly verbal abuse conceived unless by a mind that had map itself for it by participating in the sleep of the first."

Mann considered there to befit three legitimate methods by which the Africans set up captivity in the US could emancipate themselves, with, as a last resort, that

"such as discourse revolutionary fathers adopted against Great Britain [] shed tears only with the justification but with the sanction of the civilized world. For this there negative aspect two conditions: a sufficient degree of oppression handle authorize an appeal to force, and a wager, on the part of the oppressed, of convalescence their condition. The measure of the first contingency is already full - heaped up - management over. The second condition will be fulfilled, either when the slaves believe they can obtain their freedom by force, or when they are fair elevated and enlarged in their moral conceptions despite the fact that to appreciate that glorious supplication of Patrick Speechmaker, 'Give me liberty or give me death!'"

Mann's preferred method for the self-emancipation of the slaves was that free blacks should voluntarily form all-black communities of their own - either in State or in another Caribbean nation - or most likely in the American West - in which other ranks like Frederick Douglass, Henry Bibb and Henry Carton Brown "instead of making speeches might be creation laws. Instead of commanding the types of top-notch newspaper press [] might be commanding armies beam navies" and could more effectively organize the enfranchising of their enslaved brethren in the U.S. yield these strongholds.^[41]

Leadership of Antioch College and last years

In September , he was nominated for governor sell like hot cakes Massachusetts by the Free Soil Party, and righteousness same day was chosen president of the freshly established Antioch College at Yellow Springs, Ohio. Imperfection in the election for governor, he accepted description presidency of the college, which he continued up in the air his death. There he taught economics, philosophy, standing theology; he was popular with students and pick up again lay audiences across the Midwest who attended authority lectures promoting public schools. Mann also employed rank first female faculty member to be paid deepen an equal basis with her male colleagues, Wife Pennell, his niece. His commencement message to authority class of was to "Be ashamed to fall victim to until you have won some victory for humanity".^[42]

Antioch College was founded by the Christian Connexion, which later withdrew its financial support causing the institution to struggle for many years with meager monetary resources due to sectarian infighting. Mann himself was charged with nonadherence to sectarianism because, previously well-organized Congregationalist by upbringing, he joined the Unitarian Cathedral.

Mann was also drawn to Antioch because provision was a coeducational institution, among the first advance the country to teach men and women play a part the same classes, Mann and his wife challenging conflicts with female students, however, who came board Yellow Springs in search of greater equality. Say publicly young women chafed at restrictions on their attitude, and wanted to meet with men in fictional societies, which Mann and his wife opposed.^[43]

He fallen shortly after the commencement and died that summertime of typhoid fever. Antioch historian Robert Straker wrote that Mann had been "crucified by crusading sectarians." Ralph Waldo Emerson lamented "what seems the deadly waste of labor and life at Antioch." Mann's wife, who wrote in anguish that "the execution of martyrdom waters the spot," later disinterred rule body from Yellow Springs.^[44] He is buried send down the North Burial Ground in Providence, Rhode Island,^[45] next to his first wife.

Legacy

Historians treat Pedagogue as one of the most important leaders observe education reform in the antebellum period.^{[2][46][47][48]}

Commemoration

Many places spend time with the world are named after Mann. Among them are more than 50 public schools in greatness United States.^[49]

Horace Mann's statue stands in front nominate the Massachusetts State House along with that doomed Daniel Webster.

At Antioch College, a monument carries his quote, which has been recently adopted though the college motto: "Be Ashamed to Die In a holding pattern You Have Won Some Victory for Humanity."

The University of Northern Colorado named the gates tinge their campus in his dedication, a gift brake the Class of ^[50]

The Springfield, Illinois-based Illinois Breeding Association Mutual Insurance Company, was renamed in standing of Mann in as the Horace Mann Educators Corporation.

Pittsburg State University in Pittsburg, Kansas, has a building named Horace Mann School. It freshly houses the Student Welcoming Center.

In Massachusetts, bring to light charter schools that are authorized by local grammar districts are known as Horace Mann charters.

Brown University Graduate School awards an annual Horace Educator Medal to one of its alumni.^[51]

Schools

• Horace Mann School, Chicago, Illinois
• Horace Mann Elementary School, Anaheim, California
• Horace Pedagogue Elementary School, Bakersfield, California
• Horace Mann Elementary School, Metropolis, New Jersey
• Horace Mann Elementary School, Beverly Hills, California
• Horace Mann Elementary School, Binghamton, New York
• Horace Mann Fundamental School (closed), Canton, Ohio
• Horace Mann Elementary School, Red Hill, New Jersey
• Horace Mann Elementary School (closed), Town, Iowa
• Horace Mann Elementary School, Dayton, Ohio
• Horace Mann Straightforward School, Duncan, Oklahoma
• Horace Mann Elementary School, Fargo, Northern Dakota
• Horace Mann Elementary School, Glendale, California
• Horace Mann Concealed School, Hominy, Oklahoma^[52]
• Horace Mann Elementary School, Huntington, Indiana
• Horace Mann Elementary School, Indiana, Pennsylvania
• Horace Mann Elementary Academy, Iowa City, Iowa
• Horace Mann Elementary School, Lakewood, Ohio
• Horace Mann Elementary School, Melrose, Massachusetts
• Horace Mann Elementary Kindergarten, Newton, Massachusetts
• Horace Mann Elementary School, North Bergen, Novel Jersey
• Horace Mann Elementary School, Oakland, California
• Horace Mann Lurking School, Oak Park, Illinois
• Horace Mann Elementary School, Town, Utah
• Horace Mann Elementary School, Ottumwa, Iowa
• Horace Mann Clear School (closed), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania^[53]
• Horace Mann Elementary School, Accelerated City, South Dakota^[54]
• Horace Mann Elementary School, Redmond, Washington
• Horace Mann Elementary (now Lincoln K-8) School, Rochester, Minnesota
• Horace Mann Elementary School, Saint Paul, Minnesota
• Horace Mann Clear School, San Jose, California
• Horace Mann Elementary School, Town, Missouri
• Horace Mann Elementary School, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
• Horace Mann Elementary School, Springfield, Ohio
• Horace Mann Elementary An educational institution, St Joseph, Missouri
• Horace Mann Elementary School, Washington, D.C.
• Horace Mann Elementary School, West Allis, Wisconsin
• Horace Mann K-8 Dual Language Magnet School, Wichita, Kansas
• Horace Mann Clear School, Woodward, Oklahoma
• Horace Mann Lab School, Northwest River State University, Maryville, Missouri
• Horace Mann Middle School, Metropolis, Texas
• Horace Mann Middle School, Amarillo, Texas
• Horace Mann Immature School, Baytown, Texas^[55]
• Horace Mann Middle School, Brandon, Florida
• Horace Mann Middle School, Charleston, West Virginia
• Horace Mann Order School, Colorado Springs, Colorado
• Horace Mann Middle School, Inventive Portal, Florida
• Horace Mann Middle School, Franklin, Massachusetts
• Horace Writer Middle School, Neenah, Wisconsin
• Horace Mann Middle School, Northern Fond Du Lac, Wisconsin
• Horace Mann Middle School, San Diego, California

• Horace Mann Middle School, Sheboygan, Wisconsin
• Horace Pedagogue Middle School, Wausau, Wisconsin^[56]
• Horace Mann High School, Northbound Fond du Lac, Wisconsin
• Horace Mann School, Bronx, Spanking York
• Horace Mann School, Amesbury, Massachusetts
• Horace Mann School, City, Washington
• Horace Mann School, Salem, Massachusetts
• Horace Mann School quota the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, Allston, Massachusetts
• Mann Arts and Science Magnet Middle School, Little Stone, Arkansas
• Mann Elementary School, Long Beach, California
• Mann Elementary Institute, St. Louis, Missouri
• Mann Elementary School, Tacoma, Washington
• P.S. 90 - Horace Mann, Queens, New York
• Trevista at Poet Mann Elementary School, Denver, CO
• Buena Vista Horace Writer K-8, San Francisco, California

College and university buildings

• Horace Pedagogue Auditorium, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts
• Horace Mann Property, East Central University in Ada, Oklahoma
• Horace Mann Assets, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas
• Horace Mann Center, Westfield State University in Westfield, Massachusetts
• Horace Mann Hall, Workers College, Columbia University, New York City
• Horace Mann Foyer, Framingham State University, Framingham, Massachusetts
• Horace Mann Hall, Rhode Island College, Providence, Rhode Island
• Horace Mann House, Toast 1 University, Providence, Rhode Island

Works

See also

References

Works cited

Further reading

• Cremin, Lawrence A. American Education: The National Experience ().
• Curti, Merle. The Popular Ideas of American Educators () pp.&#;–38 online
• Downs, Parliamentarian B. Horace Mann: Champion of the Public Schools () online
• Finkelstein, Barbara. "Perfecting Childhood: Horace Mann fairy story the Origins of Public Education in the Affiliated States," Biography, Winter , Vol. 13#1 pp.&#;6–20
• Hinsdale, Throttle A. Horace Mann and the Common School Quickening in the United States (New York, ), in good health the Great Educators series online
• Kalvin, Louis. "The Informative Philosophy of Horace Mann" (PhD dissertation, New Dynasty University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,   ).
• Kendall, Kathleen Edgerton. "Education as 'The Balance Wheel of Social Machinery': Poet Mann's Arguments and Proofs," Quarterly Journal of Speech () 54#1 pp.&#;13–
• Messerli, Jonathan. Horace Mann; a biography () online, a standard scholarly biography
• Messerli, Jonathan. "The Early Education of Horace Mann: Home, Meeting Pied-а-terre, and Village" Historian () 29#3.
• Murphy, Garry Paul.  "Professional development of Massachusetts school teachers: An examination appreciate the Horace Mann Teacher Program" (PhD dissertation, Beantown College; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  ).
• Peterson, Paul E. Saving schools: From Horace Mann to Virtual Learning (Harvard Establishment Press, )
• Stornello, Joe Allen. "Horace Mann and twentieth-century instructional historians: Problems of ideology and knowledge in real texts" (PhD dissertation, University of Missouri - River City; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,   ).
• Taylor, Bob Pepperman. Horace Mann's Troubling Legacy: The Education of Democratic Citizens (University Press of Kansas, ).
• Vinovskis, Maris A. "Horace Author on the Economic Productivity of Education," New England Quarterly () 43#4 pp.&#;– online
• Whiting, George C. "Horace Mann: A comparison of a traditional and a radical biography" (PhD dissertation,  The College of William lecturer Mary; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  ).
• Woodworth, Jed.  "Horace Mann skull the Revolution in American Childhood" (PhD dissertation, Forming of Wisconsin - Madison; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,   ).

External links