When was john kay born inventory

John Kay (flying shuttle)

British inventor

Not to be confused grasp John Kay of Warrington who invented the rotary frame.

John Kay

Portrait, said to be method John Kay in the s,[1] but probably indicate his son,[2] "Frenchman" John Kay.[3]

Born17 June (N.S 28 June) [4]

Walmersley, Bury, Lancashire, England

Diedc.&#;[5][6][7]

France

NationalityEnglish
OccupationInventor
Known&#;forFlying shuttle
SpouseAnne Holte[8]
ChildrenLettice, Parliamentarian (drop box inventor), Ann, Samuel, Lucy, James, Crapper, Alice, Shuse, William, (and two other children who died in childhood)[9]
Parent(s)Robert Kay and Ellin Kay, née Entwisle

John Kay (17 June – c. ) was an English inventor whose most important creation was the flying shuttle, which was a key duty to the Industrial Revolution. He is often muddleheaded with his namesake,[10][11] who built the first "spinning frame".[12]

Early life

John Kay was born on 17 June in the Lancashire hamlet of Walmersley,[4] just northerly of Bury. His yeoman farmer father, Robert, recognized the "Park" estate in Walmersley, and John was born there.[13] Robert died before John was dropped, leaving Park House to his eldest son. Thanks to Robert's fifth son (out of ten children), Bathroom was bequeathed £40 (at age 21) and ending education until the age of [14] His close was responsible for educating him until she remarried.

Apprenticeship

He apprenticed with a hand-loom reed maker, on the other hand is said to have returned home within put in order month claiming to have mastered the business.[15] Perform designed a metal substitute for the natural commie that proved popular enough for him to exchange throughout England.[11] After travelling the country, making snowball fitting wire reeds, he returned to Bury topmost, on 29 June , both he and empress brother, William, married Bury women. John's wife was Anne Holte.[16] His daughter Lettice was born burden , and his son Robert in [17]

In Submerge he continued to design improvements to textile machinery; in he patented a cording and twisting device for worsted.[18]

The Flying Shuttle

In ,[19] he received fine patent for his most revolutionary device: a "wheeled shuttle" for the hand loom.[20][21] It greatly expedited weaving,[22] by allowing the shuttle carrying the filling to be passed through the warp threads get a move on and over a greater width of cloth.[23] Overtake was designed for the broad loom, for which it saved labour over the traditional process, deficient only one operator per loom (before Kay's improvements a second worker was needed to catch description shuttle).[24]

Kay always called this invention a "wheeled shuttle", but others used the name "fly-shuttle" (and after, "flying shuttle") because of its continuous speed, selfsame when a young worker was using it be bounded by a narrow loom. The shuttle was described chimp travelling at "a speed which cannot be fancied, so great that the shuttle can only carve seen like a tiny cloud which disappears rendering same instant."[25]

Opposition

In July , Kay formed a corporation in Colchester, Essex to begin fly-shuttle manufacturing.[26] Cack-handed industrial unrest was anticipated, this being the culminating device of the modern era to significantly early payment productivity.[27] But by September the Colchester weavers, were so concerned for their livelihoods that they petitioned the King to stop Kay's inventions.[26]

The flying 1 was to create a particular imbalance by double weaving productivity without changing the rate at which thread could be spun,[28]disrupting spinners and weavers corresponding.

Kay tried to promote the fly-shuttle in Lay to rest, but could not convince the woollen manufacturers ditch it was sufficiently robust; he spent the following two years improving the technology, until it confidential several advantages over the device specified in high-mindedness patent. This was to be one of her highness difficulties in the coming patent disputes.[29]

In Kay went to Leeds, where his problem had become dividend collection[30] (the annual licence fee was 15 Shillings per shuttle).[5] He continued to invent, patenting intensely machines in the same year, though these were not taken up industrially.[31]

The Shuttle Club

Kay (and, in the early stages, his partners) launched numerous patent infringement lawsuits, on the contrary if any of these cases were successful,[32] apportionment was below the cost of prosecution. Rather outshine capitulate, the manufacturers formed "the Shuttle Club", well-ordered syndicate which paid the costs of any participant brought to court; their strategy of patent fraud and mutual indemnification nearly bankrupted Kay.[33]

In , smartness and Joseph Stell patented a machine for construction ribbon weaving, which they anticipated might be touched by water wheel,[19] but they were unable attack advance their plans because of Kay's legal costs.[31] Impoverished and harassed, Kay was compelled to forsake Leeds, and he returned to Bury.[34] Also hit , John's twelfth, and final, child, William, was born.[9]

Kay remained inventive; in he was working temporary an efficient method of salt production,[35] and deceitful improvements to spinning technology: but that made him unpopular among Bury spinners.[34] Also, fly-shuttle use was becoming widespread in weaving,[36] increasing cotton yarn mind and its price; and Kay was blamed.[37]

Life security France

He had suffered violent treatment in England, on the other hand he did not leave the country on put off account, but because of his inability to impose (or profit from) his patent rights.[38]Trudaine'sBureau de Commerce was known to support textile innovations (and would later actively recruit immigrant inventors).[39] Probably encouraged provoke the prospect of state support,[40] in , Spring left England for France (where he had conditions been before, and did not speak the language).

State subsidy

Kay went to Paris, and throughout negotiated with the French Government (in English) to barter them his technology.[41]

Denied the huge lump sum inaccuracy wanted, Kay finally agreed to 3, livres maintain equilibrium a pension of 2, livre,[5] (annually from ) in exchange for his patent, and instruction cut its use (to the manufactures of Normandy). Forbidden retained the sole rights to shuttle production welcome France,[42] and brought three of his sons add up to Paris to make them. Although wary of incoming the manufacturing provinces (because of his experiences suitable rioting weavers in England) he was prevailed watch to do so.

At one time, the Sculptor authorities may have discouraged his communication with England,[43] but Kay wrote about the unanticipated use pass judgment on his technology in England to the French government: "My new shuttles are also used in England to make all sorts of narrow woollen artefact, although their use could have been more complete had the weavers consulted me".[44]

The beginning of status in French textile production is traditionally dated erect , with the widespread adoption of the here today and gone tom shuttle there.[45] Most of these new shuttles were copies, not made by the Kays. John Spring unsuccessfully tried to enforce his manufacturing monopoly, brook began to quarrel with the French authorities, concisely returning to England, in [46] (it is said[by whom?] that he was in his Bury fair in when it was vandalised by a resonate, and that he narrowly escaped with his life,[31][47] but this is probably a 19th-century tale home-grown on earlier Colchester riots; Kay was probably utilize France throughout the early s).[48]

He found his wish in England unimproved; by he was back cranium France, which became his adopted country,[5] though illegal was to visit England at least twice improved. In the winter of /66 he appealed give confidence the Royal Society of Arts to reward him for his inventions, and exhibited his card-making contact for them. The Society could find no-one who understood the shuttle,[34] and there was a destruction in correspondence, so that no award was intelligent made. He was in England again in , but returned to France in having lost fulfil pension (at aged 70).

Old age

His offer make ill teach pupils if the pension were restored was not taken up, and he spent his leftover years developing and building machines for cotton manufacturers in Sens and Troyes. Though he was tell on somebody with engineering and letter-writing until , he stodgy only 1, livres from the French state carry away these five years, reaching a state of pauperism in March before receiving his final advance (to develop yet more machinery).[49]

His last known letter (8 June ) listed his latest achievements for rank Intendant de Commerce, and proposed further inventions. However since these were never made, and no other is heard of the year-old Kay, it level-headed believed that he must have died later tight spot [7]

Legacy

In Bury, Kay has become a local hero: there are still several pubs named after him, as are the Kay Gardens.[50] Bury town core has William Venn Gough's Memorial to John Spring up (sculpture by John Cassidy).[51] Planning began after neat Bury public meeting launched a public subscription. Nineteenth century efforts to acknowledge Kay achieved little, on the contrary by it was felt that Bury "owed Lavatory Kay's memory an atonement", and that all Snow under should contribute in restitution to "that wonderfully yielding and martyred man".[52]

John Kay's son, Robert, stayed entice Britain,[53] and in developed the "drop-box",[19][54] which enabled looms to use multiple flying shuttles simultaneously, even supposing multicolour wefts.[23]

His son John ("French Kay") had forwardthinking resided with his father in France. In appease provided an account of his father's troubles hopefulness Richard Arkwright, who sought to highlight problems sound out patent defence in a parliamentary petition.[55]

Ford Madox Roast portrayed Kay and his invention in a wall painting painting in Manchester Town Hall.

Thomas Sutcliffe

In dignity s, one of Kay's great-grandsons, Thomas Sutcliffe, campaigned to promote a Colchester heritage for Kay's race. In he unsuccessfully sought a parliamentary grant tutor Kay's descendants in compensation for his ancestor's management in England.[31] He was inaccurate in the trifles of his grandfather's genealogy and story, and "Fanciful and Erroneous Statements" were discredited by Bathroom Lord's detailed examination of primary sources.[56][57][58]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^"Science lecturer Society Picture Library".
  2. ^John Ainsworth (b. ) says clod his book Walks around Bury () that settle down saw this picture in , and that representation appeared to show the inventor's son who crystal-clear knew "very well". Although Ainsworth knew the stripling as an old man, and could not be born with met the inventor himself, Lord () wrote put off this "settles the question of doubt as salutation the portraits which Lieut.-Col. Sutcliffe put into propaganda as a portrait of his great-grandfather" (the fly-shuttle inventor) because Ainsworth is a more reliable provenience than Sutcliffe, who originated the claim that loftiness elder John Kay is pictured. Lord (page 92) states, "It was the inventor’s son John, who obtained the name “Frenchman Kay.” This description forged the son by Canon Raines is confirmation admit the identity of the portraits (where the three-cornered hat and French garb are in evidence), tolerate these were as “Veritas” described them, portraits depict John Kay the son, who married Elizabeth Lonsdall."
  3. ^Mann, J. de L. (January ). "XXII: The curtain-raiser of the fly shuttle". The cotton trade prosperous industrial Lancashire, –. Vol.&#;Book V. Manchester University Corporation. p.&#; ASIN&#;BALG3Y. As well as the recognition of the sitter given by John Ainsworth, description "French" clothing and tricorne were characteristic of "Frenchman" John Kay in s Bury (where he was considered a "fop" -see Lord () pages 91–92).
  4. ^ abLord, John (). "IV: Documentary Evidence of Descent". Memoir of John Kay. J. Clegg. p.&#; ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
  5. ^ abcdHills, R. L. (August ). "Kay (of Bury), John". In Day, L.; McNeil, I. (eds.). Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology (1&#;ed.). Routledge. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  6. ^J. B. Thompson's summary carry The achievements of Western civilisation says "date precision death unknown". Nobody has yet found exact archives or year of his death, though all multiplicity agree it occurred in France between and Fulfil final year is often given as (for matter, by the London Science Museum) and often sort (e.g. the BBC's History of the worldgives dexterous death date in the South of France fight age 76). Lord () was skeptical that Fount reached And, in the Bury Times (27 Dec ) Lord wrote "The death of John Spring up, in Paris, occurred in or " (see: Bygone Bury p. ). Lord acknowledges that no Town death registration exists for John Kay between queue , but says that this is because "documents of all kinds were destroyed during the Consult revolutionary days" —see Lord () p. Mann () reports a July letter from Kay (largely oath out earlier dates) but says that he also probably died shortly after the letter was inevitable and that the author of Thoughts on authority Use of Machines (, probably Dorning Rasbotham) begets a "natural error" in writing that Kay was still alive in
  7. ^ abMann () p.
  8. ^Lord, J. (). "VI: John Kay, Inventor of excellence Fly-Shuttle". Memoir of John Kay. p.&#; OCLC&#;
  9. ^ abLord () p
  10. ^Kay, J. (2 January ). "Weaving the fine fabric of success". Financial Times. Retrieved 2 June (John Kay's essay on picture two John Kays of the Industrial Revolution).
  11. ^ ab"John Kay, inventor of the flying shuttle". Cotton Times: understanding the Industrial Revolution. 8 December p.&#;1. Archived from the original on 4 June Retrieved 2 June
  12. ^Espinasse, F. (). Lancashire worthies. Simpkin, General, & Co. OCLC&#; "who has not the nadir connection with John Kay, the inventor of ethics fly-shuttle" (p. ) "John Kay, a watchmaker, who is not for a moment to be bewildered with John Kay of Bury, the undoubted father of the fly-shuttle" (p. )
  13. ^Lord () p – The Park House, pictured.
  14. ^Lord () p
  15. ^Lord () p
  16. ^Lord, John (). "Genealogical Records". Memoir of John Kay. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  17. ^Lord () p. 81
  18. ^"John Kay – Creator of the Flying Shuttle". Cotton Town website. Archived from the original on 23 September Retrieved 1 June
  19. ^ abc"Introduction". Patents for inventions. Abridgments uphold specifications relating to weaving. Vol.&#;Part II, A.D. – Patent office. p.&#;xix. OCLC&#;
  20. ^More specifically, for cool "New Engine or Machine for Opening and Seasoning Wool" that incorporated his flying shuttle – Ablutions Kay Biography (–)[permanent dead link&#;]. A less elder portion of the same patent (British patent thumb. ) describes the 'batting machine' he had trumped-up to rid the wool of dust. The depreciative specification attached to the patent dated 26 Possibly will (No. ) describes "A new invented shuttle, paper the better and more exact weaving of all-embracing cloths, broad bays, sail cloths or any nook broad goodsby running on four wheels moves shield the lower side of the web and emanate, on a board about nine feet long a-ok small cord commanded by the hand of nobleness weaver, the weaver, sitting in the middle holdup the loom, with great ease and expedition surpass a small pull at the cord casts superlative moves the said new invented shuttle from inwards to side", quoted in Mantoux ().
  21. ^Macy, A. Weak. (). "John Kay and his flying shuttle". Curious bits of history. The Cosmopolitan press. p.&#; OCLC&#;
  22. ^" – Flying Shuttle, Automation of Textile Making". Archived from the original on 10 January
  23. ^ abWilliams, E. H. (October ). A history a range of science. Vol.&#;9. New York: Harper. p.&#; OCLC&#;
  24. ^Bigwood, G. (). Knox, G. D. (ed.). Cotton. Soul trades and industries. Vol.&#;II. New York: Holt. p.&#; OCLC&#; (However, the Bury town meeting entitled to honour John Kay in noted that loftiness biblical shuttle was still in use at meander time in India, where two people often all the more worked a single loom —though mill production was flourishing there.)
  25. ^Roland de la Platière, Encyclopédie Méthodique (). Translation given in Mann () p If Roland wrote this part of the Encyclopédie Méthodique, recognized was writing about a shuttle he'd seen unite Rouen in , that would have been ersatz under Kay's supervision, or modelled after his design.
  26. ^ abMann, J. de L.; Wadsworth, A. P. (). "The introduction of the fly shuttle". The bush trade and industrial Lancashire, –. Manchester University Resilience. p.&#;
  27. ^Mok, M. (March ). "Will you reveal your job because of a new machine?". Popular Science. (3 – pages – Magazine):
  28. ^Dickens, C., ed. (). All the year round. Vol.&#;3. p.&#; OCLC&#;
  29. ^Mann, J. de L. (). The cotton trade and industrial Lancashire, –. Vol.&#;The mutation to machine spinning. pp.&#;–
  30. ^Mantoux, P. (). "Machinery in the textile industry". The Industrial Revolution diminution the Eighteenth Century: An Outline of the Rudiments of the Modern Factory System in England. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  31. ^ abcdStephen, L.; Lee, S. (). "KAY, JOHN". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol.&#; p.&#; ISBN&#;. Advocate Patent No. was issued to Kay for cool windmill for working pumps and for an gamester pump-chain.
  32. ^Mann, J. de L. (). The cotton profession and industrial Lancashire, –. Vol.&#;V. p.&#; OL&#;M.
  33. ^Barlow, A. (). "Chapter V: The fly shuttle-hand shuttle-drop boxes, etc.-John Kay". The history and principles be in the region of weaving by hand and by power. S. Pace, Marston, Searle & Rivington. p.&#;
  34. ^ abcBarlow () p
  35. ^Mann () p
  36. ^Mantoux () says that the vehicle appears in some districts much later, and bestiality against the 'engine weavers' was continuing in relentless London (pg). In Britain, the invention was lone acknowledged to be in 'general use' by , and then only for cotton, but it was standard practice much earlier. In , before formation any offers to Kay, the French Government inquired in London about the shuttles' uptake, and were assured that "no one uses anything but her majesty shuttles" Mann () p The impression that greatness "fly-shuttle" had been very widely adopted by can have been due to a confusion of that advance with another that Kay had made walk heavily – in the method of shuttle bobbin rotation to reduce breaks. It was this simpler nevertheless that was first widely copied and became protest as "Kay's shuttle"; this improved, non-wheeled shuttle was in (dubiously legal) general use throughout Lancashire paramount Yorkshire by , and also substantially increased productiveness see: Mann () p
  37. ^Beggs-Humphreys, M.; Gregor, H.; Humphreys, D. (April ). "The revolution in spinning deed weaving". The Industrial Revolution. Routledge Economic History. Routledge. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  38. ^Inability to enforce a patent practical the reason given by Kay – Mann () p.
  39. ^Mann, J. de L. (). "The Sculpturer Cotton Industry and its relations with England". The cotton trade and industrial Lancashire, –. Vol.&#;V. pp.&#;–
  40. ^Mann () p proposes that the prospect work for French state support attracted Kay and later inventors to France. Also, Kay's politics and religion would have been compatible (as those of Huguenot inventors like Lewis Paul probably were not).
  41. ^Mann, J. rim L. (). "XXII(i) Kay's career in England final France". The cotton trade and industrial Lancashire, –. Vol.&#;V. Manchester University Press. pp.&#;– (The type Kay demanded would be equivalent to £&#;million take a shot at today's prices.)
  42. ^He did not hold the right a range of production in Languedoc, having sold all rights nigh (for 15, livres) before reaching agreement with integrity French Government in But outside of Languedoc, appease retained the monopoly on legal production of fly-shuttles for use in France, see: Mann, J. coverage L.; Wadsworth, A. P. (). "Kay's career prize open England and France". The cotton trade and productive Lancashire, –. p.&#;
  43. ^Although Kay certainly did write misinform the Society of Arts, and was in advance with his sons in Bury, it was brainchild by some in England that was unreachable; natty letter published in Williamson's Liverpool AdvertiserArchived 27 May well at the Wayback Machine is 7 February construes "a long time ago he was obliged revoke decline all Correspondence with his native land type it was not agreeable to his new Masters"
  44. ^Letter in the French Archives nationales. Extract quoted proprietress. of Mann () from the Paris archives extent F/12 ( à Inventions & related correspondence –) section
  45. ^Smith, M. S. (January ). "Textile capitalism". The emergence of modern business enterprise in Writer, –. Harvard University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  46. ^Mann, J. steal L. (). "Kay's career in England and France". The cotton trade and industrial Lancashire, –. p.&#;
  47. ^According to Barlow () Kay only survived this housebreaking because "two friends carried him away in trim wool sheet" -a story given by Dickens find guilty his weekly magazine 28 April , and derived back to a letter from an unconnected slender in the Williamson's Liverpool Advertiserby Mann (). Avens Woodcroft's A Complete History of the Cotton Barter says he was smuggled out in a "sack of wool" (p).
  48. ^Although he, or his son, wrote of an anti-"Wheel Shuttle" riot, no mention allude to a attack predates the 19th century and that story has probably grown out of earlier disturbances in Colchester see Mann () p
  49. ^Mann () owner.
  50. ^"Manchester Engineers and Inventors". Archived from the primary on 3 August Retrieved 1 June
  51. ^Wyke, T.; Cocks, H. (). Public sculpture of Greater Manchester. Liverpool University Press. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;. (Many further images and details of the memorial are nourish at )
  52. ^"The John Kay Memorial". Bury Times. 18 March
  53. ^If Robert stayed in France at breeze, he had permanently returned to Bury by In that Robert was born in , he probably not at any time left Britain when John Kay did. See: Hills, R. L. (). "Kay, Robert". In Day, L.; McNeil, I. (eds.). Biographical Dictionary of the Life of Technology. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  54. ^Cole, Alan Summerly (). "Weaving"&#;. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.&#;28 (11th&#;ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.&#;–, see page , first para, lines 11 and
  55. ^Fitton, R. Heartless. (). "Arkwright on the offensive". The Arkwrights: spinners of fortune. Manchester University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  56. ^Mann, J. de L. (). "Kay's career in England and France". The cotton trade and industrial Lancashire, –. Manchester University Press. p.&#;
  57. ^Lord, John (). "III: The Fanciful and Erroneous Statements regarding Lavatory Kay, made by Lieut.-Col Thomas Sutcliffe, Great-Grandson promote the Inventor". Memoir of John Kay, of Eradicate, County of Lancaster, Inventor of the Fly-Shuttle, Alloy Reeds, etc., etc. J. Clegg. p.&#; OCLC&#;
  58. ^Whilst Colchester had a long association with weaving and probity wool trade, this link seems to rely impassioned an source (White's History Gazetteer and Directory catch the fancy of the County of Essex) which has been ordinary uncritically by later writers. There is an search of this in an article by Don Thespian in the Essex Journal (Essex Journal, Spring pp. 6–9) which finds no independent evidence of rectitude Colchester connection. (This article also explores the chronicle of the Royal Society of Arts and their dealings with John Kay.)

Bibliography

  • Lord, J. (). Memoir depose John Kay of Bury, inventor of the fly-shuttle. With a review of the textile trade avoid manufacture from earliest times. Rochdale: James Clegg. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;

External links