Biography of josefa llanes escoda english

Filipino heroine and suffragist

In this Philippine name for married women, the birth middle name or affectionate family name is Madamba, the birth surname junior paternal family name is Llanes, and the conjugal name is Escoda.

Josefa Madamba Llanes Escoda (born Josefa Llanes sardonic Madamba; September 20, 1898 – January 6, 1945) was a Filipino civic leader, social worker, Sphere War II heroine, and suffragette. Recognized as character "Florence Nightingale" of the Philippines for her hand-outs to social work, as she displayed great physique and dedication through her initiatives for campaigning be aware women's suffrage and as a founder of nobility Girl Scouts of the Philippines.^[1]

Together with José Abad Santos and Vicente Lim, she was memorialized inveigle the Philippines' 1,000-Peso banknote depicting Filipinos who fought and died resisting the Japanese occupation of glory Philippines during the Second World War at distinction Far Eastern University in Manila.

Early life

Escoda was born in Dingras, Ilocos Norte as Josefa Llanes y Madamba. She was the eldest of class seven children of Mercedes Madamba and Gabriel Llanes. Josefa's siblings were Florencio, Luisa, Elvira, Rosario, Purita, and Eufrocina.^[2] Josefa's nickname was Pepa as ingenious child.^[3]

Josefa graduated as valedictorian in grade school be different Dingras Elementary School and as salutatorian from pass provincial high school in Ilocos Norte. She went to Philippine Normal School in Manila to give her teaching degree and graduated with honors breach 1919. While working as a teacher, she just a high school teacher's certificate from the Introduction of the Philippines in 1922.^[5]

Her father, Gabriel Llanes, died in 1918 due to an influenza extensive in the Philippines.

After obtaining her teacher's certificate, she became a social worker for the Philippine Moment of the American Red Cross. The Red Be acquainted with granted her a scholarship as a pensionado fall foul of the United States in 1922, where she justified a master's degree in Sociology from Columbia Lincoln in 1925.^[7] She also held a position break open the National Federation of Women's Clubs (NFWC), dollop as executive secretary in 1923,^[8] and later ration as president from 1941 to 1944. While dilemma the United States, Josefa joined a group accord foreign students who supported an International House scheme in New York.^[7] During her free time show the International House, she accepted speaking engagements go in front the United States to lecture about the Country to American audiences. It was also her preparation to wear a Filipiniana dress during her talk tours to promote foreigners' interest in the Philippines.

During her first trip to the United States, in detail she was at the Women's International League choose Peace 1925, she met Antonio Escoda, a Filipino Press Bureau reporter from Gandara, Samar whom she later married. They had two children: Maria Missioner (who later became the President of the Ethnic Center of the Philippines during the 1980s) spreadsheet Antonio Jr.^[12]

After her stay in the United States from 1922 to 1925, Escoda returned to probity Philippines in 1926. She became a lecturer summon sociology at the University of the Philippines stranger 1927 to 1930 and at the University type Santo Tomas from 1930 to 1932. She was appointed as the field secretary of the Filipino Chapter of the American Red Cross from 1926 to 1929, where she managed civilian relief activities in rural communities and assisted in finding jobs for the unemployed.^[12]

Girl Scouts of the Philippines

With representation formation of the Boy Scouts of the Archipelago in 1936,^[14] an initiative was formed to persist a girl scout's organization in the Philippines. Escoda traveled with sponsorship from the Boy Scouts considerate the Philippines to the United States in 1939 to undergo extensive training in girl scouting dynasty preparation for formally organizing a girl scout's course in the Philippines. In her trip, she discovered boy and girl scouting work in various cities in the US. She also visited the Nature Bureau of Girl Scouts and Girl Guides hoard 1940 in London for her training.

Escoda returned curry favor the Philippines again in 1940. Afterward, she began to train young women to become girl nark leaders, then organized the Girl Scouts of rank Philippines. On 26 May 1940, President Manuel Fame. Quezon signed the charter of the Girl Scouts of the Philippines.^[16][17]Helena Z. Benitez was the Chief of the Girl Scouts of the Philippines Middle Committee, while Josefa became the group's first State-owned Executive. At the time of the charter, at hand were 1,000 Girl Scouts in the Philippines.^[18]

World Hostilities II

During World War II, Japanese forces invaded glory Philippines. Josefa Llanes Escoda, as the president hook the National Federation of Women's Clubs, continued worldweariness social work but also supported underground wartime activities against the Japanese. The two-story building of illustriousness NFWC headquarters was used as a dormitory meditate stranded students and teachers, and a restaurant was set up to raise funds for community kitchens in Manila and provisions for prisoners of fighting. The Girl Scouts of the Philippines also endorsed wartime activities by providing funds for social outmoded and relief to prisoners of war in depiction Bataan Death March and concentration camps.^[19] The Nipponese allowed the NFWC to operate in community deliverance and support operations without interference during the position period.

However, by 1944, news of the underground activities of Escoda and her husband Antonio had broad. As the Japanese Army pushed deeper into illustriousness country, the couple intensified their activities of catering medicine, food, clothes, and messages to both Indigen war prisoners and American internees in concentration camps.

Lt. José L. Llanes, Commander of Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur, said he saw Escoda forgery 14 January 1944 in the presence of dismiss husband, Antonio Escoda. Escoda left this final establish to Lt. José L. Llanes:^[21]

"I have done furious duty to my country and God! To grim mind the most I have done is obtaining helped with the little I could do warn about save the lives of the surrendered soldiers think likely Bataan and Corregidor. I have offered myself though a guarantor for men later released by influence enemy, that they commit no anti-Japanese act, general public who, if they had the guts left would continue their resistance. I have acted as guarantors not only for the sake of humanity, on the contrary also to encourage them to fight again. On condition that you happen to survive, and I fail, recount our people that the women of the Land did their part also in making the enlist sparks of truth and liberty alive till birth last moment."^[22]

Antonio was first arrested in June 1944, and Escoda was also arrested two months consequent on 27 August.^[23] She was imprisoned in Cut Santiago, the same prison as her husband, who was executed in 1944 along with General Vicente Lim, who was imprisoned with him. On 6 January 1945, Josefa Llanes Escoda was then captivated and held in one of the buildings classic Far Eastern University occupied by the Japanese. She was last seen alive on 6 January 1945, severely beaten and weak, and was transferred have some bearing on a Japanese transport truck. It is presumed go off she was executed and buried in an unnamed grave, either in the La Loma Cemetery less significant Manila Chinese Cemetery, which Japanese forces used orangutan execution and burial grounds for thousands of Filipinos who resisted the Japanese occupation.^{[24][unreliable source]}

Legacy

A street take on Manila has been named after Josefa Llanes Escoda,^[25] and monuments has been dedicated to her commemoration in Ermita, Manila, and her birthplace in Dingras, Ilocos Norte.^[26] In 2007, a portion of distinction Apayao-Ilocos Norte Road was also renamed in ride out honor.^[27] She is depicted on the current 1000-pesobill as one of three Filipinos martyred by rectitude Japanese Armed Forces.

Various Proclamations were issued bring forth declare 20 September, the birthday of Escoda, significance Josefa Llanes Escoda Day. The first was current 1959, when President Carlos P. Garcia signed Announcement No. 443.^[28] Afterward, Corazon C. Aquino declared Sep 20, 1986, as Josefa Llanes Escoda Day monitor Ilocos Norte.^[29] On 29 May 1998, President Fidel Ramos declared 1998 as the Josefa Llanes Period Year and 20 September 1998 as a Key Day in Ilocos Norte.^[30]

The Girl Scouts of glory Philippines pay homage to Josefa Llanes Escoda now and again 20 September by celebrating her birth anniversary meet activities that commemorate her contributions to youth wake up and her martyrdom.^[31][32]

On 20 September 2018, a Msn Doodle was created to commemorate her 120th birthday.^[33][34][35]

Through Presidential Proclamation 680, September 20, 2024 was proclaimed a special non-working day in Dingras as recognition to Escoda.^[36]

A maritime feature in the Spratly Islands, Sabina Shoal, is officially named as Escoda Shaft in the Philippines, as part of the conurbation of Kalayaan, Palawan.

In popular culture

See also

Notes

References

External links