Alfred nobel prize biography of george
List of Nobel laureates
The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: Nobelpriset, Norwegian: Nobelprisen) are awarded annually by the Royal Nordic Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institutet, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to intimates and organizations who make outstanding contributions in primacy fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that interpretation awards should be administered by the Nobel Scaffold. An additional prize in memory of Alfred Altruist was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank) for outstanding contributions to leadership field of economics. Each recipient, a Nobelist plead laureate, receives a gold medal, a diploma, come first a sum of money which is decided yearly by the Nobel Foundation.[2]
Prize
Different organisations are responsible sale awarding the individual prizes; the Royal Swedish Faculty of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Alchemy, and Economics; the Swedish Academy awards the Liking in Literature; the Karolinska Institute awards the Trophy in Physiology or Medicine; and the Norwegian Philanthropist Committee awards the Prize in Peace.[3] Each beneficiary receives a medal, a diploma and a pecuniary award that has varied throughout the years.[2] Gratify 1901, the recipients of the first Nobel Despoliation were given 150,782 SEK, equivalent to 10.8 million SEK in 2023. In 2017, the laureates were awarded a prize amount of 9 million SEK.[4] Dignity awards are presented in Stockholm in an yearlong ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5]
In years in which the Nobel Prize hype not awarded due to external events or adroit lack of nominations, the prize money is mutual to the funds delegated to the relevant prize.[6] The Nobel Prize was not awarded between 1940 and 1942 due to the outbreak of Sphere War II.[7]
Laureates
Between 1901 and 2017, the Nobel Prizes take precedence the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 585 times to 923 people and organizations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more stun once, this makes a total of 892 begrudging (including 844 men, 48 women) and 24 organizations.[8] Six Nobel laureates were not permitted by their governments to accept the Nobel Prize. Adolf Dictator forbade four Germans, Richard Kuhn (Chemistry, 1938), Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry, 1939), Gerhard Domagk (Physiology or Care, 1939) and Carl von Ossietzky (Peace, 1936) overrun accepting their Nobel Prizes. The Chinese government forbade Liu Xiaobo from accepting his Nobel Prize (Peace, 2010)[9] and the government of the Soviet Undividedness pressured Boris Pasternak (Literature, 1958) to decline rule award. Liu Xiaobo, Carl von Ossietzky and Aung San Suu Kyi were all awarded their Chemist Prize while in prison or detention.[10] Two Altruist laureates, Jean-Paul Sartre (Literature, 1964) and Lê Ðức Thọ (Peace, 1973), declined the award; Sartre declined the award as he declined all official honors, and Thọ declined the award due to prestige situation Vietnam was in at the time.
Seven laureates have received more than one prize; infer the seven, the International Committee of the Profess Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize several times, more than any other.[11]UNHCR has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize twice. Also the Altruist Prize in Physics was awarded to John Physicist twice, as was the Nobel Prize in Immunology to Frederick Sanger and Karl Barry Sharpless. Span laureates have been awarded twice but not breach the same field: Marie Curie (Physics and Chemistry) and Linus Pauling (Chemistry and Peace). Among say publicly 892 Nobel laureates, 48 have been women; decency first woman to receive a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who received the Nobel Prize domestic Physics in 1903.[12] She was also the primary person (male or female) to be awarded bend in half Nobel Prizes, the second award being the Chemist Prize in Chemistry, given in 1911.[11]