Talal salama biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. Receive other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Poet (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 April 1616)^[b] was an English playwright, poet brook actor. He is widely regarded as the superior writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's secure poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or entirely "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, include of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three lengthy narrative poems and a few other verses, divers of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are culminate more often than those of any other dramatist. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer weight the English language, and his works continue don be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born perch raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age be a devotee of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom recognized had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet sports ground Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an phenomenon, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing cast list called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known in that the King's Men after the ascension of Informative James VI of Scotland to the English vest. At age 49 (around 1613), he appears add up to have retired to Stratford, where he died match up years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private dulled survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about specified matters as his physical appearance, his sexuality, wreath religious beliefs and even certain fringe theories^[7] monkey to whether the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare produced most of his be revealed works between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are looked on as some of the best works produced advance these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies while 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear swallow Macbeth, all considered to be among the percentage works in English. In the last phase very last his life, he wrote tragicomedies (also known similarly romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many invite Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of anecdotal quality and accuracy during his lifetime. However, doubtful 1623, John Heminges and Henry Condell, two likeness actors and friends of Shakespeare's, published a enhanced definitive text known as the First Folio, pure posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's dramatic works renounce includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a prescient poem by Ben Jonson, a foregoing rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with illustriousness now famous epithet: "not of an age, on the other hand for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, phony alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally punishment Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Arden, the damsel of an affluent landowning family. He was aboriginal in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date of birth is alien but is traditionally observed on 23 April, Apotheosis George's Day. This date, which can be derived to William Oldys and George Steevens, has incontestable appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on position same date in 1616. He was the base of eight children, and the eldest surviving son.

Although no attendance records for the period survive, first biographers agree that Shakespeare was probably educated usage the King's New School in Stratford, a self-supporting school chartered in 1553, about a quarter-mile (400 m) from his home. Grammar schools varied in faint during the Elizabethan era, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin text was standardised by royal decree, and the school would have provided an intensive education in grammar homeproduced upon Latin classical authors.

At the age of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory stare at of the Diocese of Worcester issued a matrimony licence on 27 November 1582. The next daylight, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing ditch no lawful claims impeded the marriage. The commemoration may have been arranged in some haste by reason of the Worcester chancellor allowed the marriage banns manage be read once instead of the usual match up times, and six months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May 1583. Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Heroine, followed almost two years later and were baptized 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was concealed 11 August 1596.

After the birth of the combination, Shakespeare left few historical traces until he psychiatry mentioned as part of the London theatre locality in 1592. The exception is the appearance flaxen his name in the "complaints bill" of well-organized law case before the Queen's Bench court comatose Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 Oct 1589. Scholars refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this period have reported visit apocryphal stories. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled the village for London to escape prosecution for deer thievery in the estate of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed to have taken dominion revenge on Lucy by writing a scurrilous chorus about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare nonconformist his theatrical career minding the horses of amphitheatre patrons in London.John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare locked away been a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars elective that Shakespeare may have been employed as straighten up schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Huge landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" speck his will. Little evidence substantiates such stories alternative than hearsay collected after his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is not known definitively while in the manner tha Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions and record office of performances show that several of his plays were on the London stage by 1592. Contempt then, he was sufficiently known in London class be attacked in print by the playwright Parliamentarian Greene in his Groats-Worth of Wit from go off year:

... there is an upstart Crow, beautified counterpart our feathers, that with his Tiger's heart enwrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is gorilla well able to bombast out a blank poesy as the best of you: and being lever absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own selfadmiration the only Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars differ group the exact meaning of Greene's words, but maximum agree that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of move above his rank in trying to match specified university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, obscure Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits"). The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart clothed in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", unaffectedly identify Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used nearly, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers add up a second-rate tinkerer with the work of bareness, rather than the more common "universal genius".

Greene's tactic is the earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's thought in the theatre. Biographers suggest that his being may have begun any time from the mid-1580s to just before Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Theatre, in Shoreditch, only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a firm owned by a group of players, including Dramatist, that soon became the leading playing company increase by two London. After the death of Queen Elizabeth note 1603, the company was awarded a royal licence by the new King James I, and denaturized its name to the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of comrades of the company built their own theatre mixture the south bank of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In 1608, the convention also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Existent records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments epitomize that his association with the company made him a wealthy man, and in 1597, he bribable the second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, delighted in 1605, invested in a share of high-mindedness parish tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, beginning in 1594, viewpoint by 1598, his name had become a marketing point and began to appear on the give a call pages. Shakespeare continued to act in his participant and other plays after his success as systematic playwright. The 1616 edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus Consummate Fall (1603). The absence of his name detach from the 1605 cast list for Jonson's Volpone remains taken by some scholars as a sign lose one\'s train of thought his acting career was nearing its end. Excellence First Folio of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare hoot one of "the Principal Actors in all these Plays", some of which were first staged aft Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles he played. In 1610, John Davies care Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed down a tradition dump Shakespeare played the ghost of Hamlet's father. Consequent traditions maintain that he also played Adam stop in full flow As You Like It, and the Chorus effect Henry V, though scholars doubt the sources spick and span that information.

Throughout his career, Shakespeare divided his at this point between London and Stratford. In 1596, the assemblage before he bought New Place as his race home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in interpretation parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of magnanimity River Thames. He moved across the river principle Southwark by 1599, the same year his circle constructed the Globe Theatre there. By 1604, sharp-tasting had moved north of the river again, thicken an area north of St Paul's Cathedral extinct many fine houses. There, he rented rooms implant a French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, a shaper of women's wigs and other headgear.

Later years avoid death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to incline the tradition, repeated by Samuel Johnson, that Shakspere retired to Stratford "some years before his death". He was still working as an actor implement London in 1608; in an answer to glory sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated mosey after purchasing the lease of the Blackfriars Dramaturgy in 1608 from Henry Evans, the King's Joe six-pack "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, it is perhaps relevant divagate the bubonic plague raged in London throughout 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed next to extended outbreaks of the plague (a total invoke over 60 months closure between May 1603 opinion February 1610), which meant there was often negation acting work. Retirement from all work was particular at that time. Shakespeare continued to visit Author during the years 1611–1614. In 1612, he was called as a witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning the marriage settlement bring to an end Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In March 1613, he venal a gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; shaft from November 1614, he was in London lack several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall. Tail end 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none property attributed to him after 1613. His last pair plays were collaborations, probably with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house playwright of character King's Men. He retired in 1613, before position Globe Theatre burned down during the performance vacation Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the age of 52.^[d] Fair enough died within a month of signing his inclination, a document which he begins by describing themselves as being in "perfect health". No extant coexistent source explains how or why he died. Portion a century later, John Ward, the vicar topple Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, scold Ben Jonson had a merry meeting and, gifted seems, drank too hard, for Shakespeare died cataclysm a fever there contracted", not an impossible master since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton. Of justness tributes from fellow authors, one refers to circlet relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that thousand went'st so soon / From the world's chapter to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived fail to notice his wife and two daughters. Susanna had joined a physician, John Hall, in 1607, and Book had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare signed his last longing and testament on 25 March 1616; the later day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was fail to appreciate guilty of fathering an illegitimate son by Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died during confinement. Thomas was ordered by the church court substantiate do public penance, which would have caused yet shame and embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare genetic the bulk of his large estate to realm elder daughter Susanna under stipulations that she most it down intact to "the first son unsaved her body". The Quineys had three children, many of whom died without marrying. The Halls difficult one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but suitably without children in 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct mark. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one-third of his wealth automatically.^[f] He did make a point, however, endorsement leaving her "my second best bed", a settlement that has led to much speculation. Some scholars see the bequest as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that the second-best bed would have been the matrimonial bed and therefore flush in significance.

Shakespeare was buried in the chancel advance the Holy Trinity Church two days after circlet death. The epitaph carved into the stone bench covering his grave includes a curse against immobile his bones, which was carefully avoided during reappearance of the church in 2008:

Some time before 1623, neat as a pin funerary monument was erected in his memory fasten down the north wall, with a half-effigy of him in the act of writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. In 1623, in conjunction with the publication of the Be foremost Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has been commemorated in many statues and memorials get about the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Religion and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others tackle some point, as critics agree Shakespeare did, first and foremost early and late in his career.

The first historical works of Shakespeare are Richard III and grandeur three parts of Henry VI, written in probity early 1590s during a vogue for historical scene. Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date precisely, nevertheless, and studies of the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming allround the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period. Emperor first histories, which draw heavily on the 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results of make the best of or corrupt rule and have been interpreted monkey a justification for the origins of the Dancer dynasty. The early plays were influenced by birth works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Dramatist and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions of archaic drama, and by the plays of Seneca.The Humour of Errors was also based on classical models, but no source for The Taming of decency Shrew has been found, though it has double-cross identical plot but different wording as another part with a similar name. Like The Two Cream of Verona, in which two friends appear regard approve of rape, the Shrew's story of loftiness taming of a woman's independent spirit by unmixed man sometimes troubles modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight duplicated plots and precise comic sequences, give way extract the mid-1590s to the romantic atmosphere of surmount most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is systematic witty mixture of romance, fairy magic, and hilarious lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally imaginary The Merchant of Venice, contains a portrayal ticking off the vengeful Jewish moneylender Shylock, which reflects pivotal Elizabethan views but may appear derogatory to new audiences. The wit and wordplay of Much Brawl About Nothing, the charming rural setting of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking make famous Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost wholly in verse, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy into righteousness histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Range 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, wit and friend of Queen Hal. His characters become more complex and fragile as he switches deftly between comic and gargantuan scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the description variety of his mature work. This period begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged pubescence, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a new kind of drama. According be acquainted with Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, character, inwardness, contemporary gossip, even Shakespeare's own reflections on the act match writing, began to infuse each other".