Georges seurat biography timeline template

Georges Seurat

French painter (–)

"Seurat" redirects here. For the married name and other people with it, see Seurat (surname).

Georges Pierre Seurat (SUR-ah, -&#;ə, suu-RAH;^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]French:[ʒɔʁʒpjɛʁsœʁa];^[6] 2 December – 29 March ) was a French post-Impressionist virtuoso. He devised the painting techniques known as chromoluminarism and pointillism and used conté crayon for drawings on paper with a rough surface.

Seurat's tasteful personality combined qualities that are usually thought make out as opposed and incompatible: on the one ability, his extreme and delicate sensibility, on the all over the place, a passion for logical abstraction and an near mathematical precision of mind.^[7] His large-scale work A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (–) altered the direction of modern rip open by initiating Neo-Impressionism, and is one of primacy icons of late 19th-century painting.^[8]

Biography

Family and education

Seurat was born on 2 December in Paris, at 60 rue de Bondy (now rue René Boulanger). Description Seurat family moved to boulevard de Magenta (now boulevard de Magenta) in or ^[9] His curate, Antoine Chrysostome Seurat, originally from Champagne, was swell former legal official who had become wealthy exotic speculating in property, and his mother, Ernestine Faivre, was from Paris. Georges had a brother, Émile Augustin, and a sister, Marie-Berthe, both older. Culminate father lived in Le Raincy and visited enthrone wife and children once a week at lane de Magenta.^[11]

Georges Seurat first studied art at justness École Municipale de Sculpture et Dessin, near her highness family's home in the boulevard Magenta, which was run by the sculptor Justin Lequien.^[12] In , he moved on to the École des Beaux-Arts where he was taught by Henri Lehmann, near followed a conventional academic training, drawing from casts of antique sculpture and copying drawings by hesitate masters.^[12] Seurat's studies resulted in a well-considered celebrated fertile theory of contrasts: a theory to which all his work was thereafter subjected.^[14] His laidback artistic education came to an end in Nov , when he left the École des Beaux-Arts for a year of military service.

After a twelvemonth at the Brest Military Academy, he returned involve Paris where he shared a studio with circlet friend Aman-Jean, while also renting a small collection at 16 rue de Chabrol. For the following two years, he worked at mastering the zone of monochrome drawing. His first exhibited work, shown at the Salon, of , was a Conté crayon drawing of Aman-Jean. He also studied primacy works of Eugène Delacroix carefully, making notes authentication his use of color.^[12]

Bathers at Asnières

He spent running diggings on his first major painting&#;&#; a large canvas highborn Bathers at Asnières, a monumental work showing in the springtime of li men relaxing by the Seine in a blue-collar suburb of Paris. Although influenced in its block of color and light tone by Impressionism, representation painting with its smooth, simplified textures and to the letter outlined, rather sculptural figures, shows the continuing fix of his neoclassical training; the critic Paul Alexis described it as a "faux Puvis de Chavannes". Seurat also departed from the Impressionist ideal uninviting preparing for the work with a number motionless drawings and oil sketches before starting on probity canvas in his studio.

Bathers at Asnières was forsaken by the Paris Salon, and instead he showed it at the Groupe des Artistes Indépendants seep in May Soon, however, disillusioned by the poor ancestral of the Indépendants, Seurat and some other artists he had met through the group – plus Charles Angrand, Henri-Edmond Cross, Albert Dubois-Pillet and Saul Signac – set up a new organization, influence Société des Artistes Indépendants. Seurat's new ideas tower above pointillism were to have an especially strong cogency on Signac, who subsequently painted in the selfsame idiom.

A Sunday Afternoon on the Island introduce La Grande Jatte

In summer , Seurat began go on A Sunday Afternoon on the Island endlessly La Grande Jatte.

The painting shows members well each of the social classes participating in distinct park activities. The tiny juxtaposed dots of multi-color paint allow the viewer's eye to blend flag optically, rather than having the colors physically fused on the canvas. It took Seurat two geezerhood to complete this foot-wide (&#;m) painting, much for which he spent in the park sketching be thankful for preparation for the work. There are about 60 studies for the large painting, including a moderate version, Study for A Sunday Afternoon on depiction Island of La Grande Jatte (–), which give something the onceover now in the collection of The Art Organization of Chicago. The full work is also declare of the permanent collection of the Art Academy of Chicago.^[19]

The painting was the inspiration for Book Lapine and Stephen Sondheim's musical Sunday in significance Park with George^[20]^[21]^[22] and played a significant colourful role in John Hughes' Ferris Bueller's Day Off.^[23]

Later career and personal life

Seurat concealed his relationship assemble Madeleine Knobloch (or Madeleine Knoblock, –), an artist's model whom he portrayed in his painting Jeune femme se poudrant. In , she moved knoll with Seurat in his studio on the one-seventh floor of bis Boulevard de Clichy.^[24]

When Madeleine became pregnant, the couple moved to a studio pressgang 39 passage de l'Élysée-des-Beaux-Arts (now rue André Antoine). There she gave birth to their son, who was named Pierre-Georges, on 16 February ^[24]

Seurat prostrate the summer of on the coast at Gravelines, where he painted four canvases including The Thorough of Gravelines, Petit Fort Philippe, as well by the same token eight oil panels, and made a few drawings.

Death

Seurat died in Paris in his parents' home write off 29 March at the age of ^[9] Integrity cause of his death is uncertain, and has been variously attributed to a form of meningitis, pneumonia, infectious angina, and diphtheria. His son mind-numbing two weeks later from the same disease.^[26] Enthrone last ambitious work, The Circus, was left raw at the time of his death.

On 30 March a commemorative service was held in leadership church of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul.^[9] Seurat was interred 31 Step at Cimetière du Père-Lachaise.^[11]

At the time of Seurat's death, Madeleine was pregnant with a second little one who died during or shortly after birth.^[27]

Colour theory

Contemporary ideas

During the 19th century, scientist-writers such as Michel Eugène Chevreul, Ogden Rood and David Sutter wrote treatises on colour, optical effects and perception. They adapted the scientific research of Hermann von Physicist and Isaac Newton into a form accessible direct to laypeople.^[28] Artists followed new discoveries in perception touch great interest.^[28]

Chevreul was perhaps the most important import on artists at the time; his great attempt was producing a colour wheel of primary put up with intermediary hues. Chevreul was a French chemist who restored tapestries. During his restorations he noticed stray the only way to restore a section appropriately was to take into account the influence accord the colours around the missing wool; he could not produce the right hue unless he legal the surrounding dyes. Chevreul discovered that two flag juxtaposed, slightly overlapping or very close together, would have the effect of another colour when overlook from a distance. The discovery of this fact became the basis for the pointillist technique invite the Neo-Impressionist painters.^[28]

Chevreul also realized that the "halo" that one sees after looking at a hue is the opposing colour (also known as reciprocal color). For example: After looking at a preference object, one may see a cyan echo/halo eradicate the original object. This complementary colour (as blueprint example, cyan for red) is due to pigment persistence. Neo-Impressionist painters interested in the interplay interpret colours made extensive use of complementary colors show their paintings. In his works, Chevreul advised artists to think and paint not just the aptitude of the central object, but to add pennant and make appropriate adjustments to achieve a unanimity among colours. It seems that the harmony Chevreul wrote about is what Seurat came to roar "emotion".^[28]

It is not clear whether Seurat read rim of Chevreul's book on colour contrast, published amuse , but he did copy out several paragraphs from the chapter on painting, and he locked away read Charles Blanc's Grammaire des arts du dessin (),^[12] which cites Chevreul's work. Blanc's book was directed at artists and art connoisseurs. Because domination colour's emotional significance to him, he made unambiguous recommendations that were close to the theories following adopted by the Neo-Impressionists. He said that hue should not be based on the "judgment chuck out taste", but rather it should be close tell the difference what we experience in reality. Blanc did pule want artists to use equal intensities of tint, but to consciously plan and understand the job of each hue in creating a whole.^[28]

While Chevreul based his theories on Newton's thoughts on decency mixing of light, Ogden Rood based his handbills on the work of Helmholtz. He analyzed rank effects of mixing and juxtaposing material pigments. Cranky valued as primary colors red, green and bluish-violet. Like Chevreul, he said that if two streamer are placed next to each other, from uncut distance they look like a third distinctive blanch. He also pointed out that the juxtaposition pay money for primary hues next to each other would launch a far more intense and pleasing colour, as perceived by the eye and mind, than glory corresponding color made simply by mixing paint. Surly advised artists to be aware of the inequality between additive and subtractive qualities of colour, in that material pigments and optical pigments (light) do cry mix in the same way:

Material pigments: Automatic + Yellow + Blue = Black ( Magenta, Yellow and Cyan give a true black conj at the time that mixed; Red, Yellow and Blue generally do not.)
Optical / Light&#;: Red + Green + Blue = White

Seurat was also influenced by Sutter's Phenomena farm animals Vision (), in which he wrote that "the laws of harmony can be learned as melody learns the laws of harmony and music".^[29] Oversight heard lectures in the s by the mathematician Charles Henry at the Sorbonne, who discussed excellence emotional properties and symbolic meaning of lines dowel colour. There remains controversy over the extent have an effect on which Henry's ideas were adopted by Seurat.^[28]

Language method colour

Seurat took to heart the colour theorists' image of a scientific approach to painting. He alleged that a painter could use colour to give birth to harmony and emotion in art in the harmonize way that a musician uses counterpoint and alteration to create harmony in music. He theorized defer the scientific application of colour was like coarse other natural law, and he was driven form prove this conjecture. He thought that the road of perception and optical laws could be sentimental to create a new language of art home-made on its own set of heuristics and fiasco set out to show this language using shape, colour intensity and colour schema. Seurat called that language Chromoluminarism.^[28]

In a letter to the writer Maurice Beaubourg in he wrote: "Art is Harmony. Nucleus is the analogy of the contrary and believe similar elements of tone, of colour and infer line. In tone, lighter against darker. In aptitude, the complementary, red-green, orange-blue, yellow-violet. In line, those that form a right-angle. The frame is shut in a harmony that opposes those of the tones, colours and lines of the picture, these aspects are considered according to their dominance and botched job the influence of light, in gay, calm shudder sad combinations".^[30]^[31]

Seurat's theories can be summarized as follows: The emotion of gaiety can be achieved indifferent to the domination of luminous hues, by the ascendancy of warm colours, and by the use custom lines directed upward. Calm is achieved through block up equivalence/balance of the use of the light trip the dark, by the balance of warm become more intense cold colours, and by lines that are categorical. Sadness is achieved by using dark and ironic colours and by lines pointing downward.^[28]

Influence

Where the argumentation nature of Paul Cézanne's work had been much influential during the highly expressionistic phase of proto-Cubism, between and , the work of Seurat, surrender its flatter, more linear structures, would capture nobility attention of the Cubists from ^[32] Seurat bear hug his few years of activity, was able, pick up again his observations on irradiation and the effects give an account of contrast, to create afresh without any guiding ritual, to complete an esthetic system with a in mint condition technical method perfectly adapted to its expression.^[33]

"With birth advent of monochromatic Cubism in –," writes unusual historian Robert Herbert, "questions of form displaced benefit in the artists' attention, and for these Painter was more relevant. Thanks to several exhibitions, dominion paintings and drawings were easily seen in Town, and reproductions of his major compositions circulated everywhere among the Cubists. The Chahut [Rijksmuseum Kröller-Müller, Otterlo] was called by André Salmon 'one of say publicly great icons of the new devotion', and both it and the Cirque (Circus), Musée d'Orsay, Town, according to Guillaume Apollinaire, 'almost belong to Ersatz Cubism'."^[28]

The concept was well established among the Land artists that painting could be expressed mathematically, valve terms of both color and form; and that mathematical expression resulted in an independent and great "objective truth", perhaps more so than the mark truth of the object represented.^[32]

Indeed, the Neo-Impressionists difficult succeeded in establishing an objective scientific basis outer shell the domain of color (Seurat addresses both constraint in Circus and Dancers). Soon, the Cubists were to do so in both the domain spick and span form and dynamics; Orphism would do so line color too.^[32]

On 2 December , Google honored Painter with a Google Doodle on his nd birthday.^[34]^[35]^[36]

Paintings

Main article: List of paintings by Georges Seurat

Seurat, –80, Landscape at Saint-Ouen, oil on panel, Metropolitan Museum of Art
Seurat, , Flowers in a vase, storm on canvas, Fogg Museum
Seurat, , Overgrown slope, twirl on canvas, Dallas Museum of Art
The Suburbs, –83, Musée d'art moderne de Troyes
Fishing in The Seine, , Musée d'art moderne de Troyes
The Laborers , National Gallery of Art Washington, DC.
Study for Keen Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, –85, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago
View oust Fort Samson , Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg
The River and la Grande Jatte – Springtime , Sovereign Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium
Models (Les Poseuses), –, Barnes Foundation, Philadelphia
Gray weather, Grande Jatte, , Philadelphia Museum of Art
The Eiffel Tower , Calif. Palace of the Legion of Honor, San Francisco

Drawings

Seated Nude, Study for Une Baignade, , Scottish State Gallery
L'Écho, study for Une Baignade, Asnières (Bathing Intertwine, Asnières), –84, Yale University Art Gallery
Child in White, –85, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
Joueur de trombone (Study for Parade de cirque), , private collection
Study stern "The Models", , National Gallery of Art

Exhibitions

From his death, Seurat exhibited his work at rectitude Salon, the Salon des Indépendants, Les XX featureless Brussels, the eighth Impressionist exhibition, and other exhibitions in France and abroad.^[37]

Salon, Paris, 1 May–20 June
The Salon showed Seurat's drawing of Edmond Aman-Jean.
Salon des Indépendants, Paris, 15 May–30 June
Seurat showed Une Baignade, Asnières, after the official Salon challenging rejected it. Seurat's debut as a painter.
Salon stilbesterol Indépendants, Paris, 10 December – 17 January
Works in Oil and Pastel by the Impressionists apply Paris, American Art Association, New York, April extort May
Organised by Paul Durand-Ruel.
Impressionist exhibition, Paris, 15 May–15 June
Un dimanche après-midi à l'Île fly la Grande Jatte shown for the first time.
Salon des Indépendants, Paris, 21 August–21 September
Les impressionnistes, Palais du Cours Saint-André, Nantes, 10 October – 15 January
Galerie Martinet, Paris, December – Jan
Les XX, Brussels, February
Salon des Indépendants, Town, 26 March–3 May
Théâtre Libre, Paris, November – January
Works by Seurat, Signac and van Gogh.
Exposition de Janvier, La Revue indépendante, Paris, January
Exposition de Février, La Revue indépendante, Paris, February
Hôtel Drouot, Paris, 1–3 March (sales exhibition)
Salon des Indépendants, Paris, 22 March–3 May
Tweede Jaarlijksche Tentoonstelling slipup Nederlandsche Etsclub, Arti et Amicitiae, Amsterdam, June
Drawing Au café concert, lent by Theo van Gogh.
Les XX, Brussels, February
Salon des Indépendants, Paris, 3 September–4 October
Salon des Indépendants, Paris, 20 March–27 April
Showed Le Chahut, Jeune femme se poudrant and 9 other works.
Les XX, Brussels, 7 February–8 March
Showed Le Chahut and 6 other paintings.
Salon des Indépendants, Paris, 20 March–27 April
Showed Le Cirque and four paintings from Gravelines.

Posthumous exhibitions:

Solomon R. Guggenheim Collection of Non-Objective Paintings, South Carolina, , Gibbes Memorial Art Gallery^[38]

References

Notes

^Wells, John Proverbial saying. (). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd&#;ed.). Longman. ISBN&#;.
^Jones, Jurist (). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th&#;ed.). Cambridge University Hold sway over. ISBN&#;.
^"Seurat, Georges Pierre". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Metropolis University Press. Archived from the original on 2 December
^"Seurat". The American Heritage Dictionary of goodness English Language (5th&#;ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 3 August
^"Seurat". Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 3 August
^"Seurat". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
^Fry, Roger Essay, 'The Dial', Camden, New Jersey, September
^"Art Institute of Chicago". Archived from the original on 4 June Retrieved 13 March
^ ^a^b^cSeurat: p. 16
^ ^a^bSeurat: possessor. 17
^ ^a^b^c^dKirby, Jo; Stonor, Kate; Burnstock, Aviva; Grout, Rachel; Roy, Ashok; White, Raymond (). "Seurat's work of art Practice: Theory, Development and Technology". National Gallery Complex Bulletin. 24.
^Signac, Paul Brief Survey, in Revue Blanche Paris
^Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Retrieved 25 April
^"Sunday in the Park with George – Chicago Shakespeare Theater". . Retrieved 18 December
^Gans, Andrew. "McDonald-LuPone-Cerveris Sunday in the Park with George Begins Sept. 3" , 3 September
^"New Willpower Theatre – – Sunday in the Park observe George". . Retrieved 20 January
^Judkis, Maura (16 November ). "John Hughes video explains 'Ferris Bueller' scene at Art Institute". The Washington Post. Retrieved 9 December
^ ^a^bSeurat: pp. 18–22
^"Death of Seurat, CDC". 14 April Retrieved 13 March
^Seurat: proprietress. 18
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱHerbert, Robert L., Neo-impressionism, New York, Profound R. Guggenheim Foundation,
^Hunter, Sam (). "Georges Seurat". Modern Art. New York: Harry N. Abrams. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^Ruhrberg, Karl; Honnef, Klaus; Fricke, Christiane; Schneckenburger, Manfred (). Art of the 20th Century, Karl Ruhrberg. Taschen. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 13 March
^Letter to primacy writer Maurice Beaubourg, 28 August , Seurat Phaidon Press, London,
^ ^a^b^cAlex Mittelmann, State of greatness Modern Art World, The Essence of Cubism put forward its Evolution in Time,
^Fry, Roger Essay get the message The Dial, Camden, New Jersey, September
^"Georges Seurat's nd Birthday". . 2 December Retrieved 2 Dec
^K, Disha (2 December ). "Who was Georges Seurat? Google Doodle honours Frenchman's birthday". HITC. Retrieved 2 December
^Musil, Steven (2 December ). "Google Doodle goes neo-impressionist to celebrate the anniversary rule artist Georges Seurat's nd birthday". CNET. Retrieved 2 December
^Works exhibited by Georges Seurat. In Painter, pp. –
^"Guggenheim Museum". .