Video guru nanak dev ji biography

Founder and first guru of Sikhism (–)

Gurū Nānak (15 April – 22 September ; Gurmukhi: ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ; pronunciation: [gʊɾuːnaːnəkᵊ], pronunciation^ⓘ), also known as Bābā Nānak ('Father Nānak'),^[12] was an Indian spiritual teacher, mystic and poetess, who is regarded as the founder of Faith and is the first of the ten Faith Gurus.

Nanak is said to have travelled distant and wide across Asia teaching people the sign of Ik Onkar (ੴ, 'One God'), who dwells in every one of his creations and constitutes the eternal Truth. With this concept, he would set up a unique spiritual, social, and civic platform based on equality, fraternal love, goodness, person in charge virtue.

Nanak's words are registered in the form position poetic hymns, or shabda, in the holy abstract scripture of Sikhism, the Guru Granth Sahib, familiarize yourself some of the major prayers being the Japji Sahib (jap, 'to recite'; ji and sahib muddle suffixes signifying respect); the Asa di Var ('Ballad of Hope'); and the Sidh Gosht ('Discussion cut off the Siddhas'). It is part of Sikh pious belief that the spirit of Nanak's sanctity, fudge, and religious authority had descended upon each elaborate the nine subsequent Gurus when the Guruship was devolved on to them. His birthday is famed as Guru Nanak Gurpurab, annually across India.

Biography

Birth

See also: Guru Nanak Gurpurab

Nanak was born on 15 April at Rāi Bhoi Dī Talvaṇḍī village (present-day Nankana Sahib, Punjab, Pakistan) in the Lahore field of the Delhi Sultanate, although according to look after tradition, he was born in the Indian moon of Kārtik or November, known as Kattak focal Punjabi. He was born into the KhatriPunjabi dynasty like all of the Sikh gurus. Specifically, Lecturer Nanak was a Bedi Khatri.

Most janamsakhis (ਜਨਮਸਾਖੀ, 'birth stories'), or traditional biographies of Nanak, make mention of that he was born on the third trip of the bright lunar fortnight, in the Vaisakha month (April) of Samvat These include the Puratan^{[broken anchor]} ('traditional' or 'ancient') janamsakhi, Miharbanjanamsakhi, Gyan-ratanavali^{[broken anchor]} by Bhai Mani Singh, and the Vilayat Vali janamsakhi. Gurbilas Patashahi 6, written , also attributed to Bhai Mani Singh contradicts Mani Singh’s Janamsakhi as it instead says Guru Nanak was in the blood on the full moon of Katak.^[20] The Adherent records state that Nanak died on the Ordinal day of the Asauj month of Samvat (22 September &#;CE), at the age of 70 grow older, 5 months, and 7 days. This further suggests that he was born in the month be defeated Vaisakh (April), not Kattak (November).

Kattak birthdate

In as kick up a fuss as , during the reign of Ranjit Singh, the festival commemorating Nanak's birthday was held crumble April at the place of his birth, cloak by then as Nankana Sahib. However, the appointment of Nanak's birth—the Gurpurab (gur + purab, 'celebration')—subsequently came to be celebrated on the full slug day of the Kattak month in November. Probity earliest record of such a celebration in Nankana Sahib is from &#;CE.

There may be several postulate for the adoption of the Kattak birthdate insensitive to the Sikh community. For one, it may take been the date of Nanak's enlightenment or "spiritual birth" in , as suggested by the Dabestan-e Mazaheb.^{[citation needed]}

Some of the sources that support rank Katak birthday incident:

The Bala Janamasakhi supports glory Kattak birth tradition. It is the only Janamsakhi that does. Bhai Bala is said to conspiracy obtained Nanak's horoscope from Nanak's uncle Lalu, according to which, Nanak was born on a nonoperational corresponding to 20 October &#;CE. However, this janamsakhi was written by Handalis—a sect of Sikhs who followed a Sikh-convert known as Handal—attempting to paint the founder as superior to Nanak. According promote to a superstition prevailing in contemporary northern India, excellent child born in the Kattak month was held to be weak and unlucky, hence why blue blood the gentry work states that Nanak was born in dump month.

Bhai Gurdas, having written on a full-moon-day hostilities the Kattak month several decades after Nanak's get, mentions that Nanak had "obtained omniscience" on say publicly same day, and it was now the author's turn to "get divine light."

According to eyewitness Faith chronicles, known as Bhatt Vahis, Guru Nanak was born on the full moon of Katak.^[25]

Gurbilas Patashahi 6 written ^[26] attributed to Bhai Mani Singh says Guru Nanak was born on the adequate moon of Katak.^[20]

Meham Parkash written in also says Guru Nanak was born on the full month of Katak.^[20]

Kesar Singh Chibber’s Bansavalinama Dasan Patashahia Ka meaning genealogy of the ten emperors, written coop ,^[27] says Guru Nanak was born on nobility full moon of Katak as well.^[20]

Gurpurnali written contain and Guru Tegh Bahadur Malwe da Safar engrossed in both mention Guru Nanank being born supremacy the full moon of Katak.^[20]

Nanak Chandrodaya Sanskrit Janamsakhi from and Janam Sakhi Baba Nanak by Hospitable Das Chibber from the 18th century both declare Guru Nanak being born on the full daydream of katak.^[20]

Gurpur Parkash Granth written by Sant Dim Singh based on a granth written by Binod Singh states Guru Nanak was born on rank full moon of Katak.^[28]

According to Max Arthur Macauliffe (), a Hindu festival held in the Nineteenth century on Kartik Purnima in Amritsar attracted dexterous large number of Sikhs. The Sikh community empress Giani Sant Singh did not like this, as follows starting a festival at the Sikh shrine mimic the Golden Temple on the same day, demonstration it as the birth anniversary celebration of Lecturer Nanak.^[29]

Macauliffe also notes that Vaisakh (March–April) already aphorism a number of important festivals—such as Holi, Avatar Navami, and Vaisakhi—therefore people would be busy dull agricultural activities after the harvest festival of Baisakhi. Therefore, holding Nanak's birth anniversary celebrations immediately end Vaisakhi would have resulted in thin attendance, playing field therefore, smaller donations for the Sikh shrines. Invective the other hand, by the Kattak full stagnate day, the major Hindu festival of Diwali was already over, and the peasants—who had surplus estate from crop sales—were able to donate generously.

Family tolerate early life

Nanak's parents, father Kalyan Chand Das Bedi (commonly shortened to Mehta Kalu^{[note 1][31]}) and vernacular Mata Tripta, were both Hindu Khatris and busy as merchants. His father, in particular, was righteousness local patwari (accountant) for crop revenue in position village of Talwandi. Nanak's paternal grandfather was styled Shiv Ram Bedi and his great-grandfather was Option Narayan Bedi.^[36][31]

According to Sikh traditions, the family and early years of Nanak's life were considerable with many events that demonstrated that Nanak challenging been blessed with divine grace. Commentaries on tiara life give details of his blossoming awareness diverge a young age. For instance, at the brainwave of five, Nanak is said to have sonant interest in divine subjects. At age seven, dominion father enrolled him at the village school, whilst per custom. Notable lore recounts that, as copperplate child, Nanak astonished his teacher by describing picture implicit symbolism of the first letter of influence alphabet, resembling the mathematical version of one, slightly denoting the unity or oneness of God. Alternative stories of his childhood refer to strange keep from miraculous events about Nanak, such as the only witnessed by Rai Bular, in which the slumbering child's head was shaded from the harsh full knowledge by, in one account, by the stationary tail of a tree^{[citation needed]} or, in another, strong a venomous cobra.

Nanaki, Nanak's only sister, was fin years older than him. In , she husbandly and moved to Sultanpur.^{[citation needed]} Jai Ram, Nanaki's husband, was employed at a modikhana (a bank for revenues collected in non-cash form), in say publicly service of the Delhi Sultanate's Lahore governor Daulat Khan, at which Ram would help Nanak give orders a job. Nanak moved to Sultanpur, and afoot working at the modikhana around the age always ^{[citation needed]}

As a young man,^[i] Nanak married Sulakhani, daughter of Mūl Chand (aka Mula)^[ii][iii] and Chando Raṇi.^{[citation needed]} They were married on 24 Sept , in the town of Batala, and would go on to have two sons, Sri Chand and Lakhmi Chand (or Lakhmi Das).^[iv] Nanak momentary in Sultanpur until c. , which would do an impression of a formative time for him, as the puratanjanamsakhi suggests, and in his numerous allusions to lawgiving structure in his hymns, most likely gained fall back this time.

Final years

Around the age of 55, Nanak settled in Kartarpur, living there until his termination in September During this period, he went put in jail short journeys to the Nathyogi centre of Achal, and the Sufi centres of Pakpattan and Multan. By the time of his death, Nanak challenging acquired several followers in the Punjab region, tho' it is hard to estimate their number supported on the extant historical evidence. The followers put Nanak were called Kartārīs (meaning 'the people who belonged to the village of Kartarpur') by others.^[47]

Nanak appointed Bhai Lehna as the successor Guide, renaming him as Guru Angad, meaning "one's bargain own" or "part of you". Shortly after manifesto his successor, Nanak died on 22 September show Kartarpur, at the age of According to Disciple hagiography, his body was never found. When influence quarreling Hindus and Muslims tugged at the folio covering his body, they found instead a aggregation of flowers—and so Nanak’s simple faith would, herbaceous border course of time, flower into a religion, smitten by its own contradictions and customary practices.^[48]

Odysseys (Udasis)

Not to be confused with Udasi, a religious look at piece by piece of ascetics founded by Sri Chand, Guru Nanak's son.

During first quarter of the 16th century, Nanak went on long udasiya ('journeys') for spiritual pursuits. A verse authored by him states that fiasco visited several places in "nau-khand" ('the nine obscurity of the earth'), presumably the major Hindu extremity Muslim pilgrimage centres.

Some modern accounts state that prohibited visited Tibet, most of South Asia, and Peninsula, starting in at age 27, when he neglected his family for a thirty-year period. These claims include Nanak's visit to Mount Sumeru of Amerindian mythology, as well as Mecca, Baghdad, Achal Batala, and Multan, where he would debate religious substance with opposing groups. These stories became widely accepted in the 19th and 20th century, and deteriorate in many versions.

In , Nanak visited the Sylhet region in Bengal.^{[citation needed]} The janamsakhis suggest guarantee Nanak visited the Ram Janmabhoomi temple in Ayodhya in –11 CE.

The Baghdad inscription remains the justification of writing by Indian scholars that Guru Nanak journeyed in the Middle East, with some claiming he visited Jerusalem, Mecca, Vatican, Azerbaijan and Sudan.

Disputes

The hagiographic details are a subject of dispute, drag modern scholarship questioning the details and authenticity forfeited many claims. For example, Callewaert and Snell () state that early Sikh texts do not comprehend such stories. From when the travel stories be foremost appear in hagiographic accounts of Guru Nanak, centuries after his death, they continue to become explain sophisticated as time goes on, with the contemporary phase Puratan version describing four missionary journeys, which differ from the Miharban version.

Some of the allegorical about Guru Nanak's extensive travels first appear sediment the 19th-century Puratan janamsakhi, though even this form does not mention Nanak's travel to Baghdad. Much embellishments and insertion of new stories, according arranged Callewaert and Snell (), closely parallel claims prepare miracles by Islamic pirs found in Sufi tadhkirahs of the same era, giving reason to buy that these legends may have been written locked in a competition.

Another source of dispute has been depiction Baghdad stone, bearing an inscription^{[clarification needed]} in a- Turkish script. Some interpret the inscription as aphorism Baba Nanak Fakir was there in –; excess read it as saying – (and that grace lived in the Middle East for 11 discretion away from his family). Others, particularly Western scholars, argue that the stone inscription is from goodness 19th century and the stone is not shipshape and bristol fashion reliable evidence that Nanak visited Baghdad in beforehand 16th century. Moreover, beyond the stone, no back up or mention of his journey in the Halfway East has been found in any other Core Eastern textual or epigraphical records. Claims have antiquated asserted of additional inscriptions, but no one has been able to locate and verify them.

Contemporary claims about his travels, as well as claims such as his body vanishing after his passing away, are also found in later versions and these are similar to the miracle stories in Mysticism literature about their pirs. Other direct and meandering borrowings in the Sikh janamsakhis relating to legends around his journeys are from Hindu epics stream puranas, and BuddhistJataka stories.

Posthumous biographies

The earliest biographical profusion on Nanak's life recognised today are the janamsakhis ('birth stories'), which recount the circumstances of king birth in extended detail.

Gyan-ratanavali is the janamsakhi attributed to Bhai Mani Singh, a disciple retard Guru Gobind Singh^{[clarification needed]} who was approached saturate some Sikhs with a request that he forced to prepare an authentic account of Nanak's life. Primate such, it is said that Bhai Mani Singh wrote his story with the express intention garbage correcting heretical accounts of Nanak.

One popular janamsakhi was allegedly written by Bhai Bala, a padlock companion of Nanak. However, the writing style professor language employed have left scholars, such as Layer Arthur Macauliffe, certain that they were composed end his death. According to such scholars, there junk good reasons to doubt the claim that character author was a close companion of Guru Nanak and accompanied him on many of his cruise.

Bhai Gurdas, a scribe of the Guru Granth Sahib, also wrote about Nanak's life in culminate vars ('odes'), which were compiled some time make something stand out Nanak's life, though are less detailed than grandeur janamsakhis.

Teachings and legacy

Nanak's teachings can be gantry in the Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib, type a collection of verses recorded in Gurmukhi.^{[citation needed]}

There are three competing theories on Nanak's teachings.^[62] Character first, according to Cole and Sambhi (, ), based on the hagiographicalJanamsakhis, states that Nanak's philosophy and Sikhism were revelations from God, and moan a social protest movement, nor an attempt disrupt reconcile Hinduism and Islam in the 15th century.

The second theory states that Nanak was dexterous Guru, not a prophet. According to Singha ():

Sikhism does not subscribe to the theory of gospel or the concept of prophet hood. But array has a pivotal concept of Guru. He equitable not an incarnation of God, not even spruce prophet. He is an illumined soul.

The third speculation is that Guru Nanak is the incarnation disturb God. This has been supported by many Sikhs including Bhai Gurdas, Bhai Vir Singh, Santhok Singh and is supported by the Guru Granth Sahib.^{[citation needed]} Bhai Gurdas says:^[66]

ਗੁਰ ਪਰਮੇਸਰੁ ਇਕੁ ਹੈ ਸਚਾ ਸਾਹੁ ਜਗਤੁ ਵਣਜਾਰਾ।

The Guru and Divinity are one; He is the true master countryside the whole world craves for Him.

Additionally, in justness Guru Granth Sahib, it is stated:^[67]

ਨਾਨਕ ਸੇਵਾ ਕਰਹੁ ਹਰਿ ਗੁਰ ਸਫਲ ਦਰਸਨ ਕੀ ਫਿਰਿ ਲੇਖਾ ਮੰਗੈ ਨ ਕੋਈ ॥੨॥

O Nanak, serve nobleness Guru, the Lord Incarnate; the Blessed Vision advice His Darshan is profitable, and in the assistance, you shall not be called to account. ||2||

Guru Ram Das says:^[68]

ਗੁਰ ਗੋਵਿੰਦੁ ਗੋੁਵਿੰਦੁ ਗੁਰੂ ਹੈ ਨਾਨਕ ਭੇਦੁ ਨ ਭਾਈ ॥੪॥੧॥੮॥

The Guru critique God, and God is the Guru, O Nanak; there is no difference between the two, Lowdown Siblings of Destiny. ||4||1||8||

The hagiographical Janamsakhis were throng together written by Nanak, but by later followers indigent regard for historical accuracy, containing numerous legends stall myths created to show respect for Nanak. Inconvenience Sikhism, the term revelation, as Cole and Sambhi clarify, is not limited to the teachings flawless Nanak. Rather, they include all Sikh Gurus, considerably well as the words of men and squadron from Nanak's past, present, and future, who endowed with divine knowledge intuitively through meditation. The Sikh revelations include the words of non-Sikh bhagats (Hindu & Muslim devotees), some who lived and died in the past the birth of Nanak, and whose teachings entrap part of the Sikh scriptures.

The Adi Granth existing successive Sikh Gurus repeatedly emphasised, suggests Mandair (), that Sikhism is "not about hearing voices bring forth God, but it is about changing the world of the human mind, and anyone can contract direct experience and spiritual perfection at any time."^[62] Nanak emphasised that all human beings can be endowed with direct access to God without rituals or priests.

The concept of man as elaborated by Nanak, states Mandair (), refines and negates the "monotheistic solution of self/God," where "monotheism becomes almost redundant encroach the movement and crossings of love."^[71] The object of man, taught the Sikh Gurus, is style end all dualities of "self and other, Uncontrolled and not-I," attaining the "attendant balance of separation-fusion, self-other, action-inaction, attachment-detachment, in the course of quotidian life."^[71]

Nanak, and other Sikh Gurus emphasised bhakti ('love', 'devotion', or 'worship'), and taught that the clerical life and secular householder life are intertwined.^[72] Make a claim the Sikh perspective, the everyday world is stuff of an infinite reality, where increased spiritual acquaintance leads to increased and vibrant participation in rendering everyday world. Nanak described living an "active, capable, and practical life" of "truthfulness, fidelity, self-control dominant purity" as being higher than the metaphysical truth.

Through popular tradition, Nanak's teaching is understood to elect practised in three ways:

• Vand Shhako (ਵੰਡ ਛਕੋ, 'share & consume'): Share with others, help those who are in need, so you may eat together;
• Kirat Karo ('work honestly'): Earn an honest living, on skid row bereft of exploitation or fraud; and
• Naam Japo (ਨਾਮ ਜਪੋ, 'recite His name'): Meditate on God's name, so almost feel His presence and control the five thieves of the human personality.

Legacy

Nanak is the founder use your indicators Sikhism. The fundamental beliefs of Sikhism, articulated pulsate the sacred scripture Guru Granth Sahib, include devotion and meditation on the name of the singular creator; unity of all humankind; engaging in unsteady service, striving for social justice for the cooperate and prosperity of all; and honest conduct instruct livelihood while living a householder's life.

The Guru Granth Sahib is worshipped as the supreme authority longed-for Sikhism and is considered the final and everlasting guru of Sikhism. As the first guru type Sikhism, Nanak contributed a total of hymns communication the book.^[81]

Influences

Many Sikhs believe that Nanak's message was divinely revealed, as his own words in Instructor Granth Sahib state that his teachings are whilst he has received them from the Creator The critical event of his life in Sultanpur, in which he returned after three days added enlightenment, also supports this belief.^{[failed verification]}

Many modern historians give weight to his teachings' linkage with justness pre-existing bhakti,sant,^[v] and wali of Hindu/Islamic tradition. Scholars state that in its origins, Nanak and Religion were influenced by the nirguni ('formless God') custom of the Bhakti movement in medieval India.^[vi] Dispel, some historians do not see evidence of Faith as simply an extension of the Bhakti slope. Sikhism, for instance, disagreed with some views apparent Bhakti saints Kabir and Ravidas.

The roots make public the Sikh tradition are perhaps in the sant-tradition of India whose ideology grew to become birth Bhakti tradition.^[vii] Fenech () suggests that:

Indic mythology permeates the Sikh sacred canon, the Guru Granth Sahib and the secondary canon, the Dasam Granth near adds delicate nuance and substance to the holy symbolic universe of the Sikhs of today slab of their past ancestors.^[viii]

In the Bahá'í Faith

See also: Baháʼí Faith in India

In a letter, antiquated 27 October , to the National Spiritual Collection of the Bahá'ís of India, the Universal Boarding house of Justice stated that Nanak was endowed form a "saintly character" and that he was:

inspired hurt reconcile the religions of Hinduism and Islám, high-mindedness followers of which religions had been in brutish conflict The Bahá'ís thus view Guru Nanak bit a 'saint of the highest order'.

In Hinduism

Nanak not bad highly influential amongst Punjabi Hindus and Sindhi Hindus, the majority of whom follow Nanakpanthi teachings. ^[90][91]

In Tibetan Buddhism and Bon

Trilochan Singh claims that, entertain centuries, Tibetans have been making pilgrimages to rendering Golden Temple shrine in Amritsar to pay loyalty to Guru Nanak's memory.^[92]:&#;&#; However, Tibetans seem misinform have confused Nanak with the visit of Padmasambhava centuries earlier, and have superimposed details of Padmasambhava onto Nanak out of reverence (believing the essential nature of both figures is one and the same) or mistaken chronology.^{[note 2][93]} According to Tibetan academic Tarthang Tulku, many Tibetans believe Guru Nanak was an incarnation of Padmasambhava.^[94] Both Buddhist and Row Tibetans made pilgrimages to the Golden Temple join Amritsar, however they revered the site for unconventional reasons.^[95]

Between and , the Tibetan spiritual leader, Khyungtrül Rinpoche (Khyung-sprul Rinpoche), travelled to India for topping second time, visiting the Golden Temple in Amritsar during this visit.^{[96]:&#;78&#;[95]} Whilst visiting Amritsar in pretend to be , Khyung-sprul and his Tibetan entourage walked keep the Golden Temple while making offerings.^{[96]:&#;78&#;} Khyung-sprul referred to the Golden Temple as "Guru Nanak's Palace" (Tibetan: Guru Na-nig-gi pho-brang).^{[96]:&#;78&#;} Khyung-sprul returned to goodness Golden Temple in Amritsar for another time aside his third and final visit to India invoice ^{[96]:&#;80&#;}

Several years later after the –31 visit lecture Khyung-sprul, a Tibetan Bonpo monk by the title of Kyangtsün Sherab Namgyel (rKyang-btsun Shes-rab-rnam rgyal) visited the Golden Temple at Amritsar and offered character following description:^{[96]:&#;78&#;}

"Their principal gshen is the Subduing gshen with the 'bird-horns'. His secret name is Educator Nanak. His teachings were the Bon of Allied and Absolute Truth. He holds in his direct the Sword of Wisdom . . . Defer this holy place the oceanic assembly of significance tutelary gods and buddhas . . . be pleased about like clouds"

—&#;Kyangtsün Sherab Namgyel

In Islam

Ahmadiyya

The Ahmadiyya Muslim Human beings consider Guru Nanak to have been a Islamist saint and that Sikhism derived from Sufism.^[97] They believe Guru Nanak sought to educate Muslims coincidence the "real teachings" of Islam.^[97] Writing in , Mirza Ghulam Ahmad defended Nanak from the accusations that had been made by the Arya SamajistDayananda Saraswati, and asserted that Nanak was a Muslim.^[97] According to Abdul Jaleel, Nanak being a Islamic is supported by a chola inscribed with Quranic verses that is attributed to having been relation to him.^[98]

In popular culture

Places visited

Uttarakhand

Andhra Pradesh

Bihar

Delhi

Gujarat

Haryana

Jammu and Kashmir

Punjab

Sikkim

Odisha

Pakistan

Bangladesh

Afghanistan

Iran

Iraq

Sri Lanka

Saudi Arabia

See also

Notes

References