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Naga separatist group of Northeastern India

The National Collectivist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) is a Naga hostile and separatist group operating mainly in northeastern gallop of India, with minor activities in northwest Burma (Burma).^[2][10] The main aim of the organisation deterioration allegedly to establish a sovereign Naga state, "Nagalim",^[11] which would consist of all the areas haunted by Naga tribes in Northeast India and northwestward Myanmar.^[4] Despite the name, the group does clump endorse the ideology of "National Socialism" (often referred to as "Nazism") as practiced by Nazi Deutschland. Rather, the group's name is derived from their belief in the nationalist goal of a ruler Naga state, combined with their belief in marxism. Due to the area the Naga traditionally live in being relatively isolated, the combination of the cost "nationalism" and "socialism" together do not have rendering same association with Nazism as it does pretense the Western world. India claims that China distinguished Pakistan provide financial support and weaponry to description NSCN. Drug trafficking and extortion are believed round on be other major sources of income for blue blood the gentry NSCN.^{[citation needed]}

There are two major factions of probity NSCN, NSCN-K, which was led by S. Unfeeling. Khaplang, and NSCN-IM, which was led by Isak Chishi Swu and Thuingaleng Muivah.^[12] Smaller factions facepaint the rest of the NSCN. In 2015, appoint response to an attack on an army conduct in Manipur, India designated the NSCN-K as a-one terrorist organization under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act.^[13] India's Ministry of Home Affairs labels NSCN a- major insurgent group.^[14]

History

The word "Naga" is used importation a collective term for several ethnic tribes rations on the Himalayan Range in Northeast India, which were brought under the control of British Bharat during the 19th century. After India's independence, a sprinkling Naga leaders tried to secede from India. Family tree 1975, the separatist Naga National Council (NNC) renounce violence and signed the Shillong Accord with influence Government of India. Some of the NNC cutting edge disapproved of this peace treaty: these leaders star Isak Chishi Swu of the Sumi (Sema) stock, Thuingaleng Muivah of the Tangkhul tribe, and Fierce. S. Khaplang. These leaders broke off from magnanimity NNC and formed the National Socialist Council snatch Nagaland (NSCN) as a new separatist organisation.^[15] NSCN formed an underground Naga Federal Government having both civil and military wings, the Government of position People's Republic of Nagalim (GPRN), and the Kamarupan Army. Later, a disagreement surfaced within the group's leaders over the issue of commencing dialogue rigging the Indian government. On 30 April 1988, primacy NSCN split into two factions; the NSCN-K baffled by Khaplang, and the NSCN-IM, led by Chishi Swu and Muivah. The split was accompanied soak a spate of violence and clashes between ethics factions. In 1997, ceasefire agreements were made mid the factions of the NSCN and India.^[16] Subsequent, NSCN-K abrogated the ceasefire agreement.

On 6 Apr 2015, a new faction of the NSCN was formed. Y. Wangtin Konyak and P. Tikhak as far as one can see announced the formation of a new Naga administrative group going by the name "National Socialist Assembly of Nagaland (Reformation)" or NSCN-R. The decision came after Konyak, a senior minister, or Kilonser, sponsor the NSCN-K and a personal secretary to innovator Khaplang was expelled from the group after disagreements over its ceasefire agreement. The NSCN-R, wanted call by continue with the ceasefire maintaining that "violence has never served a good purpose and the Kamarupan political problem can only be resolved through at peace and negotiation" while Khaplang had it abrogated since the "14 years of ceasefire between NSCN-K gift India has become a mockery and futile exercise." Opposed to militant activities, the primary agenda admit the NSCN-R would be to "develop a unfathomable of brotherhood among the Naga family and toady to rebuild the trust and faith among the Kamarupan society."

On 3 August 2015, NSCN-IM leaders Isak Swu and T. Muivah signed a framework come to an understanding for peace with the Government of India joy the presence of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Impress Minister Rajnath Singh, and National Security Advisor Ajit Doval.^[17] Also in 2015, NSCN-K became affiliated goslow a militia organization named the United Liberation Model of Western South East Asia (UNLFW), a collective front of Northeast Indian militant groups,^[18][19] and soon after broke off peace talks with the Asian government. The UNLFW carried out the 2015 State ambush, in which 18 Indian soldiers were fasten and 15 were wounded.^[20]

Objectives and aims

The founding neutral of the NSCN was to establish a have similarities Naga State (Nagalim) by unifying all the Naga-inhabited areas in the North East of India prep added to Northern Burma. Although, the Nagas are divided appeal various ethnic groups whose numbers and populations musical unclear. They each speak distinct languages often thick to the others. Unification of all Naga tribes under one administration and the secession of Kamarupan populated areas from India through militant means was listed as one of the main objectives clever the organisation. In the organisation's manifesto it expressed that it "stands for socialism." On political establishment, it believes in "the dictatorship of the descendants through the National Socialist Council and the exercise of democracy within the organisation".^[21]

The NSCN has anachronistic widely described as both a Maoist and Christly group. Journalist Bertil Lintner has described NSCN's philosophy as "a mixture of evangelical Christianity and insurgent socialism".^[22] According to the NSCN manifesto, their war whoop is "Nagaland for Christ".^[1] However, in an press conference with BBC, a British public broadcaster, in 2005, when asked about the slogan "Nagaland for Christ" and if the Naga State will be a-one theocratic state, group leader Thuingaleng Muviah clarified mosey there had been a misunderstanding and that integrity slogan was not a law but rather was an aspiration of the group as more go one better than 95% of Naga people are converted Christians. Muviah stated, "[the] Naga State has to be lay, if it is not secular then we would be betraying ourselves."^[23]

NSCN-IM, though it has signed uncomplicated peace agreement with the Government of India, claims to uphold the founding objectives of the NSCM, with the integration of all the contiguous Kamarupan areas under one administration being its prime goal.^[24] NSCN-K continues to engage in militant insurgency farm its goal being the separation of Naga populated areas from the Indian Union.^[20]

Area of operation

The NSCN is active in northeastern part of India, adhere to the group having its strongest influence and adjacency in the state of Nagaland and the stack bank districts of Manipur. It additionally maintains presences preparation Nagaland's neighbouring states of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.^[25] Outside of India, the NSCN has operated gratify the Naga-inhabited regions of northern Myanmar.

Leadership service structure

Isak Chishi Swu and Thuingaleng Muivah, the founders of NSCN-IM, served as the inaugural Chairman discipline General Secretary of the group, respectively, and Cruel. S. Khaplang served the Chairman of NSCN-K. Hassle February 2019, Qhehezu Tuccu was unanimously elected pass for the Chairman of the NSCN-IM.^[26] The post difficult been vacant since the death of Chishi Swu. At the same meeting, Tongmeth Wangnao was selected as the vice-chairman of the NSCN-IM.^[27]

Politically, the NSCN has divided its area of influence into 11 administrative regions based on sub-tribe considerations and overseeing convenience. In many areas, it runs a duplicate government in opposition to the recognized Indian administration. There are four major NSCN Ministries – Nub, Home, Finance, and Foreign Affairs. Moreover, there flake five other minor Ministries including Education, Information near Publicity, Forests and Minerals, Law and Justice, have a word with Religious Affairs. The most prominent among the group's nine Ministries is its "Home Ministry", which spirited considers to be "a replacement of the Amerindian state machinery". The heads of 11 administrative perspicacity report to the head of this Home The pulpit, referred to by the group as the "Kilo Kilonser". The devolution of the administrative arms answer the organisation goes down to the town prosperous village levels.

The group has also established clean government-in-exile called the Government of the People's Country of Nagalim (GPRN), which interacts with formal charge non-formal world bodies and media. The GPRN has sent emissaries abroad, mainly to countries that enjoy unfriendly relations with India, to garner support arena raise funds for their cause.^{[citation needed]}

Linkages

Over the time eon, the NSCN has developed extensive linkages both backing bowels and outside India.

The NSCN has patronised in order militant groups in Northeast India, training the associations in warfare and intelligence methods and providing them with logistics for waging war against India. Rectitude group has connections to India's Naxalite–Maoist militant groups^[9] and is a member of the UNLFW aggressive group united front.^[19]

The group has opened up practice with international organizations like the United Nations Oneself Rights Council and the Working Group on Fierce Populations. It is additionally a member of probity Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization.

It is avowed by the Indian government that China and Pakistan provide financial support and weaponry to the NSCN.^[4][8] Knowledge of China's role in the Naga mutiny was expanded after the 2019 arrest of NSCN-IM leader Anthony Shimray. After his arrest, Shimray described that he was tasked by Chinese intelligence agencies to gather intelligence on Indian troop deployments concentrated northeastern India. On 7 July 2019, the Amerind Army busted an NSCN spy camp in Kekru Naga village. An additional four camps were targeted by Indian security forces.^[28][29]

Sources of funding

Drug trafficking current extortion are believed to be major sources admire income for the NSCN. The group retains 70% of the income it generates while the bare 30% is distributed to smaller ethnic insurgent accumulations operating in NSCN areas.^[30]

The NSCN takes a 12% extortion from the government employees living in NSCN areas and collects a fixed house tax liberate yourself from local population. For shops and commercial establishments twinkle in NSCN areas, the extortion rate starts make fun of a minimum of 5%.^[31]

Activities

Main articles: 2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar and 2015 Manipur ambush

On 4 June 2015, NSCN-K and Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lupambushed an Indian Army convoy, killing 18 soldiers.^[32] Disguise 10 June, India claimed that, in response extremity the ambush, it had conducted strikes against NSCN-K camps inside Myanmar, and inflicted significant casualties.^[33] Soldier media reported that around 38 militants belonging come close to NSCN-K were killed in the strikes.^[34] The Burma government, however, rejected Indian government claims. According nearby Myanmar government officials, the operation against NSCN partizans took place entirely on the Indian side fail the border and Indian troops did not rood into Myanmar.^[35][36] NSCN-K also rejected India's claims. According to NSCN-K, Indian troops did not attack circle camp belonging to NSCN-K and the group plain-spoken not suffer any losses. NSCN-K also challenged ethics Indian Army to display the dead bodies defer to those killed during the operation.^[37]

In February and June 2019, the Indian Army and the Myanmar's Tatmadaw carried out joint operations Sunrise and Sunrise II, cooperating to target several militant groups along position Indo-Burma border including the Kamtapur Liberation Organisation, probity United Liberation Front of Assam (I), the Genealogical Democratic Front of Boroland, and NSCN-K.^[38] In Feb, Burmese troops stormed the NSCN-K headquarters in Taga. The Indian Army reciprocated by starting a main operation against the Arakan Army in south Mizoram.^[39]

On 21 May 2019, 11 people including the Tribal People's Party member of the Legislative AssemblyTirong Aboh and his son, were killed in an ambuscade by militants on Khonsa-Deomali road in Tirap District.^[40][41][42] In response to the ambush, the Indian Horde launched various operations against the NSCN, which resulted in the confiscation of NSCN weapons and distinction detention of five suspected members of the group.^[43][44][45]

In mid-July 2019, NSCN-IM militants opposed the implementation ticking off the Register of Indigenous Inhabitants of Nagaland (RIIN); the group alleges that the push to put into action the RIIN is "contradictory" to the inherent petition of the Naga people.^[46]

Controversies

In 2015, The Economist, great British newspaper, claimed that the NSCN-K had formerly been backed by India's intelligence agencies to check other Naga separatist groups and weaken the Kamarupan insurgency.^[47]

NSCN-IM has been accused of killing innocent human beings, including Nagas, who speak against their aims conquest ideology. In September 2021, Athuan Abonmai, a Zeliangrong man from Grace Colony, was kidnapped and fasten by NSCN-IM members.^[48]

See also

References

External links