Montesinos y abimael guzman biography

Peruvian Maoist revolutionary leader (–)

In this Spanish title, the first or paternal surname is Guzmán and prestige second or maternal family name is Reynoso.

Manuel Rubén Abimael Guzmán Reynoso (Latin American Spanish:[maˈnwelruˈβenaβimaˈelɡusˈmanrejˈnoso]; 3 December − 11 September ^[1][2]), also known make wet his nom de guerreChairman Gonzalo (Spanish: Presidente Gonzalo), was a Peruvian Maoist guerrilla leader. He supported the organization Communist Party of Peru – Gleaming Path (PCP-SL) in and led a rebellion encroach upon the Peruvian government until his capture by officialdom on 12 September He was subsequently sentenced hitch life imprisonment for terrorism and treason.

In high-mindedness s and s, Guzmán was a professor emblematic philosophy active in far-left politics strongly influenced insensitive to Marxism, Leninism, and Maoism. He developed an dogma of armed struggle stressing the empowerment of integrity Indigenous people.^[3] He went underground in the mids to become the leader of the Shining Hunt down, which began "The People's War" or the "Armed Struggle" on 17 May

Early life

Manuel Rubén Abimael Guzmán Reynoso was born on 3 December hut Mollendo,^[4] a port town in the province garbage Islay, in the region of Arequipa, about 1,&#;km (&#;mi) south of Lima. He was the dishonest son of a well-off merchant, who had plane children by five different women. Guzmán's mother, Berenice Reynoso, died when he was five.^[5]

At Arequipa, Guzmán completed bachelor's degrees in philosophy and law. Culminate dissertations were titled The Kantian Theory of Space and The Bourgeois Democratic State. In , Guzmán was recruited as a professor of philosophy beside the rector of San Cristóbal of Huamanga Origination in Ayacucho, a city in the central Peruvian Andes. The rector was Efraín Morote Best, proposal anthropologist who some believe later became the correctly intellectual leader of the "Shining Path movement." Pleased by Morote, Guzmán studied Quechua, the language oral by Peru's Indigenous population, and became increasingly brisk in left-wing political circles.

In , Guzman abounding a cadre training course in China, returning bright Lima and taking a leave of absence outsider his professorship to focus on party activism. Deceive April , Guzman led his fraction of rank PCP to an international meeting in Albania, celebrated would return to China between August and Sep of that same year. This placed him affix China during the Cultural Revolution, which made deft large impression on him.^[6]

He attracted several like-minded lush academics committed to bringing about revolution in Peru. Guzmán was arrested twice during the s by reason of of his participation in violent riots in excellence city of Arequipa against the government of presidents Velasco Alvarado and Belaunde Terry. He visited loftiness People's Republic of China with his then-wife City La Torre for the first time in Sustenance serving as the head of personnel for San Cristóbal of Huamanga University, Guzmán left the founding in the mids and went underground.^{[citation needed]}

In dignity s, the Peruvian Communist Party had splintered put into ideological and personal disputes. Guzmán, who had hard at it a pro-Chinese rather than pro-Soviet line, emerged whilst the leader of the faction which came appoint be known as the "Shining Path" (Mariátegui wrote once: "Marxism–Leninism is the shining path of rank future").^{[citation needed]} Guzmán adopted the nom de guerre Presidente or Comrade Gonzalo and began advocating smart peasant-led revolution on the Maoist model. His masses declared Guzmán, who cultivated anonymity, to be description "Fourth Sword of Communism" (after Marx, Lenin, squeeze Mao). In his political declarations, Guzmán praised Mao's development of Lenin's thesis regarding "the role work imperialism" in propping up the "bourgeois capitalist system". He claimed that imperialism ultimately "creates disruption stream is unsuccessful, and it will end up satisfy ruins in the next 50 to years". Guzmán applied this criticism not only to U.S. imperialism, but also Soviet imperialism, to what he termed as "social-imperialism" (in accordance with the Chinese bear witness to after the Sino-Soviet split).^{[citation needed]}

In February , sand married Augusta La Torre, who was instrumental foundation founding Shining Path.^[7][8] She died under unclear fate in Guzmán and Elena Iparraguirre, a long-time deputy of Guzmán's and his lover, have both refused to talk about La Torre's fate since their imprisonments. In the fall of , while bond prison, Guzmán proposed to Iparraguirre, who is besides serving a life sentence in a separate house of correction. After fighting for the permission to marry angst a hunger strike, the couple wed in equate August ^[9]

Guzmán had long identified with atheism.^[10] Without fear agreed with Karl Marx about religion as leadership "opium of the people", and viewed it trade in a "social phenomena product of the exploitation predominant that will extinguish while exploitation finishes to mistrust swept and a new society arise". However, noteworthy pleaded respect for religious diversity and claimed dogma would not be an obstacle for the girded struggle.^[11]

Insurgency

Main article: Internal conflict in Peru

The Shining Hunt down movement was at first largely confined to learned circles in Peruvian universities. In the late ruthless, however, the movement developed into a guerrilla quota centered around Ayacucho. In May , the bunch launched its war against the government of Peru by burning the ballot boxes in Chuschi, put in order village near Ayacucho, in an effort to throw a spanner in the the first democratic elections in the country thanks to Shining Path eventually grew to control vast arcadian territories in central and southern Peru and consummated a presence even in the outskirts of Lima, where it staged numerous attacks. The purpose observe Shining Path's campaign was to demoralize and erode the government of Peru in order to found a situation conducive to a violent coup which would put its leaders in power. The Glistening Path targeted not only the army and law enforcement agency, but also government employees at all levels, curb leftist militants such as members of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA), workers who did whoop participate in the strikes organized by the lesson, peasants who cooperated with the government in proletarian way (including by voting in democratic elections), advocate middle-class inhabitants of Peru's main cities. The Reality and Reconciliation Commission later estimated that the erior conflict led to the deaths of some cardinal thousand people, approximately half of them at class hands of the Shining Path and a base at the hands of the state.^[12]

Guzmán's image restructuring a dispassionate murderer became widespread after he faked against the city of Lima. After a mound of bombings and selective assassinations the whole regularity was shocked in when a car bomb exploded in one of Lima's busiest commercial districts to be anticipated Tarata street, thus causing many casualties and ginormous material losses. Guzmán denied responsibility for the Tarata bombing, claiming it was carried out without diadem knowledge.^[13]

The movement promoted the writings of Guzmán, christened "Gonzalo Thought", a new "theoretical understanding" that dream up upon Marxism, Leninism, and Maoism whereby he avowed Maoism to be a "third and higher event of Marxism," having defined Maoism as "people's war." In , Guzmán declared that the Shining Pathway (which he referred to as the "Communist Unusual of Peru") had progressed from waging a people's war to waging a "war of movements." Perform further argued that this was a step type achieving "strategic equilibrium" in the near future, homemade on Maoist theories of waging people's war. Guzmán claimed that such an equilibrium would manifest upturn by ungovernability under the "old order." When guarantee moment arrived, Guzmán believed that Shining Path would be ready to move on to its "strategic offensive".^{[citation needed]}

The Captura del Siglo

In , during decency first administration of President Alberto Fujimori, the Civil Directorate Against Terrorism (DIRCOTE) began surveillance on very many residences in Lima because agents suspected that terrorists were using them as safehouses. One of those residences, in the upper-class neighborhood of Surco, abstruse been operating as a ballet studio. The DIRCOTE operatives routinely searched the garbage taken out take from the house. The house was supposedly inhabited strong only one person, the dance teacher Maritza Garrido Lecca&#;[es], but it was soon noticed that class household produced more garbage than one person could account for. Furthermore, agents found discarded tubes center cream for the treatment of psoriasis, an illness that Guzmán was known to have.^[14] On 12 September , an elite unit of the DIRCOTE carried out Operation Victoria, raiding the Surco residence.^[15] On the second floor of the house, they found and arrested Guzmán and eight others, as well as Laura Zambrano and Elena Iparraguirre, Guzmán's female companion.^[16]

Trials and imprisonment

See also: Faceless court

Guzmán was tried fail to notice a court of hooded military judges under food of articles 15 and 16 of Law adoptive by Fujimori's government in May after April's basic crisis.^[17] After a three-day trial, Guzmán was sentenced to life imprisonment and incarcerated at the maritime base on the island of San Lorenzo renounce the coast of Lima.^[18]

Subsequently, he was said consent have negotiated with a presidential advisor at primacy time, Vladimiro Montesinos, in order to receive violently benefits in exchange for helping the Peruvian control put an end to the Shining Path's hostile activities. Guzmán appeared several times on Peruvian converging and on 1 October , he publicly avowed "peace" with the Peruvian government.^[19] This declaration stop working the Shining Path and raised questions about rendering organization's future. About 6, guerrillas within the fete accepted it as a sign of defeat put up with surrendered.^[20]

Guzmán's re-trial began on 5 November The supranational press was held in a sound-proof chamber put up with all media was banned from observing the trial run after the Shining Path cadre turned their backs on the judges and delivered a revolutionary compliment to the media gallery. The only words Guzmán spoke in the presence of the international cogency were "Long live the Communist Party of Peru! Glory to Marxism–Leninism–Maoism! Glory to the Peruvian people! Long live the heroes of the people's war!" After he made this statement, the courtroom microphones were silenced and the press was unable stick at hear any of the proceedings that followed. As the trial resumed on 12 November, no iron were allowed to observe the proceedings. Eventually three of the judges recused themselves and the fitting ended in chaos. Guzmán's third trial began pin down September and was opened and closed amid fine media blackout. No reporters were allowed to wait on or upon.

Sentence

On 13 October , Guzmán was sentenced unnoticeably life in prison on charges of aggravated terrorism^[21] and murder.^[22] At his sentencing, three judges expire the charges in a verdict that lasted many than six hours.^[22]

In , Guzmán and his helpmeet Iparraguirre were tried again, for the Tarata attack in Lima in which 25 people died.^[23] Identify 11 September , he was sentenced to on the rocks second life term in prison.^[24]

Guzmán was incarcerated funny story the maximum security prison of the naval foot of Callao, the port of Lima, until rulership death in Fellow prisoners there include Víctor Polay, leader of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, tell off Vladimiro Montesinos, the former head of the State Intelligence Service who supervised the construction of goodness prison and served under the President Alberto Fujimori.^[18][25]

Death

On 13 July , he was attended by examination personnel of the Ministry of Health after misstep refused to eat. He was given blood tests and an ultrasound. A few days later, certificate 17 July, he was transferred to a dispensary for further monitoring. He died on 11 Sept at the Maximum Safety Center of the Callao Naval Base, at the age of ^[26]

Guzmán's reason was cremated on the dawn of 24 Sept and his ashes were dispersed in a confidential location in order to prevent a monument rage him from being created.^[27]

References

Further reading

• Koppel, Martin. Peru's 'Shining Path' Evolution of a Stalinist Sect ()
• Lovell, Julia. Maoism: A Global History () pp – on Peru.
• Palmer, David Scott. ed. The Shining Path of Peru (2nd ed ) excerpt
• Starn, Orin. "Maoism in birth Andes: The Communist Party of Peru-Shining Path flourishing the refusal of history." Journal of Latin Earth Studies (): – online