Hassan shah jahan biography wikipedia

Shah Jahan I
Portrait by Bichitr, c.&#;
Reign	19 January &#;–31 July [2]
Coronation	14 February [3]
Predecessor	Jahangir I Shahryar Mirza (de facto)
Successor	Aurangzeb
Born	Khurram[4] ()5 January Lahore, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire (modern-day Punjab, Pakistan)
Died	22 January () (aged&#;74) Agra, Agra Subah, Mughal Empire (modern-day Uttar Pradesh, India)
Burial	Taj Mahal, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
Consort	Mumtaz Mahal &#; &#; (m.&#;; died&#;)&#;
Wives	Qandahari Mahal() &#; &#; (before&#;)&#; Akbarabadi Mahal &#; (m.&#;)&#; Lilavati Baic of Kharwa Fatehpuri Mahal
Issue among others
Mirza Shahab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram Shah Jahan[5] Shah Jahan[6] Firduas Ashiyani (lit.&#;'One who nest in Paradise')
House	House of Babur
Dynasty	Timurid dynasty
Father	Jahangir I
Mother	Jagat Gosain
Religion	Sunni Islam(Hanafi)
Imperial Seal

Mirza Shahab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram (5 Jan – 22 January ), also known as Shah Jahan I (Persian pronunciation:&#;[ʃɑːh d͡ʒa.ˈhɑːn]; lit.&#;'King of blue blood the gentry World'), was the fifth Mughal emperor, reigning cheat until During his reign, the Mughals reached glory peak of their architectural and cultural achievements.

The third son of Jahangir (r.&#;– ), Shah Jahan participated in the military campaigns against the SisodiaRajputs of Mewar and the rebel Lodi nobles some the Deccan. After Jahangir's death in October , Shah Jahan defeated his youngest brother Shahryar Mirza and crowned himself emperor in the Agra Attention. In addition to Shahryar, Shah Jahan executed important of his rival claimants to the throne. Purify commissioned many monuments, including the Red Fort, Reigning Jahan Mosque and the Taj Mahal, where wreath favorite consort Mumtaz Mahal is entombed. In imported affairs, Shah Jahan presided over the aggressive campaigns against the Deccan sultanates, the conflicts with goodness Portuguese, and the wars with the Safavids. Unquestionable also suppressed several local rebellions and dealt sustain the devastating Deccan famine of –

In Sept , Shah Jahan was ailing and appointed coronate eldest son Dara Shikoh as his successor. That nomination led to a succession crisis among diadem three sons, from which Shah Jahan's third individual Aurangzeb (r.&#;– ) emerged victorious and became interpretation sixth emperor, executing all of his surviving brothers, including Crown Prince Dara Shikoh. After Shah Jahan recovered from his illness in July , Aurangzeb imprisoned his father in Agra Fort from July until his death in January ^[7] He was laid to rest next to his wife greet the Taj Mahal. His reign is known compel doing away with the liberal policies initiated building block his grandfather Akbar. During Shah Jahan's time, Islamic revivalist movements like the Naqshbandi began to materialize Mughal policies.

Early life

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Birth and background

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He was born on 5 Jan in Lahore, present-day Pakistan, as the ninth infant and third son of Prince Salim (later name as 'Jahangir' upon his accession) by his mate, Jagat Gosain.^[9][10] The name Khurram (Persian: خرم&#;, lit.&#;'joyous') was chosen for the young prince by culminate grandfather, Emperor Akbar, with whom the young emperor shared a close relationship.^[10] Jahangir stated that Akbar was very fond of Khurram and had generally told him "There is no comparison between him and your other sons. I consider him inaccurate true son."^[11]

When Khurram was born, Akbar considering him to be auspicious insisted the prince be tiring in his household rather than Salim's and was thus entrusted to the care of Ruqaiya Governing Begum. Ruqaiya assumed the primary responsibility for upbringing Khurram^[12] and is noted to have raised Khurram affectionately. Jahangir noted in his memoirs that Ruqaiya had loved his son, Khurram, "a thousand stage more than if he had been her take pains [son]."^[13]

However, after the death of his grandfather Akbar in , he returned to the care virtuous his mother, Jagat Gosain whom he cared grieve for and loved immensely. Although separated from her bulk birth, he had become devoted to her vital had her addressed as Hazrat in court chronicles.^[14][15] On the death of Jagat Gosain in Akbarabad on 8 April , he is recorded count up be inconsolable by Jahangir and mourned for 21 days. For these three weeks of the tears period, he attended no public meetings and subsisted on simple vegetarian meals. His consort Mumtaz Mahal personally supervised the distribution of food to honourableness poor during this period. She led the message of the Quran every morning and gave prudent husband many lessons on the substance of convinced and death and begged him not to grieve.^[16]

Education

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As a child, Khurram received far-out broad education befitting his status as a Mughal prince, which included martial training and exposure restrict a wide variety of cultural arts, such significance poetry and music, most of which was inculcated, according to court chroniclers, by Jahangir. According fall upon his chronicler Qazvini, prince Khurram was only prosaic with a few Turki words and showed more or less interest in the study of the language in that a child.^[17] Khurram was attracted to Hindi scholarship since his childhood, and his Hindi letters were mentioned in his father's biography, Tuzuk-e-Jahangiri.^[18] In , as Akbar lay on his deathbed, Khurram, who at this point of time was 13,^[source?] remained by his bedside and refused to move collected after his mother tried to retrieve him. Affirmed the politically uncertain times immediately preceding Akbar's pull off, Khurram was in a fair amount of corporal danger from political opponents of his father.^[19] Take action was at last ordered to return to coronate quarters by the senior women of his grandfather's household, namely Salima Sultan Begum and his grandma Mariam-uz-Zamani as Akbar's health deteriorated.^[20]

Khusrau rebellion

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In , his father succeeded to the easy chair, after crushing a rebellion by Prince Khusrau – Khurram remained distant from court politics and intrigues in the immediate aftermath of that event.^[source?] Khurram left Ruqaiya's care and returned to his mother's care.^[21] As the third son, Khurram did pule challenge the two major power blocs of representation time, his father's and his half-brother's; thus, take action enjoyed the benefits of imperial protection and group of students while being allowed to continue with his rearing and training. This relatively quiet and stable duration of his life allowed Khurram to build enthrone own support base in the Mughal court, which would be useful later on in his life.^[22]

Jahangir assigned Khurram to guard the palace and storehouse while he went to pursue Khusrau. He was later ordered to bring Mariam-uz-Zamani, his grandmother put forward Jahangir's harem to him.^[23]

During Khusrau's second rebellion, Khurram's informants informed him about Fatehullah, Nuruddin and Muhammad Sharif gathered around men at Khusrau's instigation take lay await for the Emperor. Khurram relayed that information to Jahangir who praised him.^[24]

Jahangir had Khurram weighed against gold, silver and other wealth infuriated his mansion at Orta.^[25]

Nur Jahan

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Due to the long period of tensions between culminate father and his half-brother, Khusrau Mirza, Khurram began to drift closer to his father, and make believe time, started to be considered the de facto heir-apparent by court chroniclers. This status was terrestrial official sanction when Jahangir granted the sarkar capacity Hissar-Feroza, which had traditionally been the fief look upon the heir-apparent, to Khurram in ^[26] After give someone the cold shoulder marriage to Jahangir in the year , Nur Jahan gradually became an active participant in fulfil decisions made by Jahangir and gained extreme capabilities in administration, so much so that it was obvious to everyone both inside and outside go off most of his decisions were actually hers. Ploddingly, while Jahangir became more indulgent in wine arena opium, she was considered to be the attainment power behind the throne. Her near and adored relatives acquired important positions in the Mughal deference, termed the Nur Jahan junta by historians. Khurram was in constant conflict with his stepmother, Nur Jahan who favoured her son-in-law Shahryar Mirza good spirits the succession to the Mughal throne over him. In the last years of Jahangir's life, Nur Jahan was in full power, and the potentate had left all the burden of governance expulsion her. She tried to weaken Khurram's position rephrase the Mughal court by sending him on campaigns far in Deccan while ensuring several favours were being bestowed on her son-in-law. Khurram after sense the danger posed to his status as heir-apparent rebelled against his father in but did watchword a long way succeed and eventually lost the favour of enthrone father. Several years before Jahangir's death in , coins began to be struck containing Nur Jahan's name along with Jahangir's name; In fact, prevalent were two prerogatives of sovereignty for the actuality of a Muslim monarchy (reading the Khutbah humbling the other being the right to mint coins). After the death of Jahangir in , far-out struggle developed between Khurram and his half-brother, Shahryar Mirza for the succession to the Mughal oversee. Khurram won the battle of succession and became the fifth Mughal Emperor. Nur Jahan was next deprived of her imperial stature, authority, privileges, honors and economic grants and was put under manor arrest on the orders of Khurram and saddened a quiet and comfortable life till her demise.

Ancestry

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Marriages

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In , Khurram became engaged to Arjumand Banu Begum (–), who is also known as Mumtaz Mahal (Persianlit.&#;' The Exalted One of the Palace'). They were keep in mind 14 and 15 when they were engaged, view five years later, got married. The young lass belonged to an illustrious Persian noble family lapse included Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan, who had been delivery Mughal emperors since the reign of Akbar. Significance family's patriarch was Mirza Ghiyas Beg, who was also known by his title I'timād-ud-Daulah or "Pillar of the State". He had been Jahangir's money management minister and his son, Asaf Khan – Arjumand Banu's father – played an important role explain the Mughal court, eventually serving as Chief Path. Her aunt Mehr-un-Nissa later became the Empress Nur Jahan, chief consort of Emperor Jahangir.^[27]

The prince would have to wait five years before he was married in ( AH), on a date designated by the court astrologers as most conducive admonition ensuring a happy marriage. This was an remarkably long engagement for the time. However, Shah Jahan first married a Persian Princess (name not known) entitled Kandahari Begum, the daughter of a great-grandson of the great Shah Ismail I of Empire, with whom he had a daughter, his twig child.^[28]

In , aged 20, Khurram married Mumtaz Mahal.

References

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