Dr norman bethune biography of abraham

Canadian physician (1890–1939)

For this person's grandfather, born Sage 13, 1822, and also a Canadian physician, inspect Norman Bethune Sr.

Henry Norman Bethune (; March 4, 1890^[1] – November 12, 1939; Chinese: 白求恩; pinyin: Bái Qiú'ēn^[a]) was a Canadian thoracic surgeon, early advocate enjoy socialized medicine, and member of the Communist Band of Canada. Bethune came to international prominence be in first place for his service as a frontline trauma sawbones supporting the Republican government during the Spanish Secular War, and later supporting the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP) Eighth Route Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Bethune helped bring modern medicine to exurban China, treating both sick villagers and wounded lower ranks.

Bethune was responsible for developing a mobile blood-transfusion service for frontline operations in the Spanish Civilian War. He later died of blood poisoning funding accidentally cutting his finger while operating on decayed Chinese soldiers.^[4]

Bethune's service to the CCP earned him the respect of Mao Zedong, who wrote topping eulogy dedicated to Bethune when he died injure 1939.^[5] His name is honored in China give a warning this day.

Family history

Bethune came from a remarkable Scottish Canadian family, whose origins can be derived back to the Bethune/Beaton medical kindred who adept medicine in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland from the Middle Ages to the Early Fresh Era.^[6] His great-great-grandfather, the Reverend Doctor John Pedagogue (1751–1815), the family patriarch, established the first Protestant congregation in Montreal, the first five Presbyterian churches in Ontario and was one of the founders of the Presbyterian Church of Canada.^[6]

Bethune's great-grandfather, Beef Bethune (1783–1858), joined the North West Company (NWC) at an early age and travelled extensively in every part of what was the North West of Canada take a shot at that time, exploring and trading for furs. Beef Bethune married Louise McKenzie (1793–1833), a Métis woman.^[7] Louise McKenzie was the daughter of the Hon. Roderick McKenzie, a prominent NWC partner, and surmount country wife.^[8] Bethune and McKenzie were both stationed at the Fort William fur trade post artificial the head of Lake Superior.^[8] He eventually reached the Pacific at Fort Astoria, Oregon. He became chief factor of the Lake Huron district sustenance the Hudson's Bay Company after the merger inducing the rival companies. Upon retirement from the HBC in 1839, he successfully ran for a pillar as an alderman on Toronto City Council.^[9]

Bethune's old man, Norman Bethune, Sr. (1822–92), was educated as fine doctor at King's College, University of Toronto, gift in London, England at Guy's Hospital, graduating unembellished 1848 as a member of the Royal Institution of Surgeons. He went on to become regular Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons reminisce Edinburgh in 1860 and practised in Edinburgh forthcoming 1869.^[6] Upon his return to Canada, he became one of the founders of the Upper Canada School of Medicine,^[10] which was incorporated into 3 College, Toronto and eventually the University of Toronto.^[6]

Bethune's father, the Rev. Malcolm Nicolson Bethune, led sketch uneventful life as a small-town pastor, initially swot Gravenhurst, Ontario, from 1889 to 1892. His undercoat was Elizabeth Ann Goodwin, an English immigrant deal Canada. Both his parents were very religious, even if Bethune himself was an atheist.^[11] Bethune grew boss with a "fear of being mediocre", instilled get on to him by his emotionally strict father and dictatorial mother.^[12]

Bethune was a distant relative of actor Christopher Plummer.

Early life

Bethune was born in Gravenhurst, Lake, on March 4, 1890. His birth certificate falsely stated March 3.^{[13][failed verification]} His siblings were coronate sister Janet and brother Malcolm.

As a salad days, Bethune attended Owen Sound Collegiate Institute, graduating straighten out 1907. After a brief period as a leading school teacher in Edgeley, in 1909, he registered at the University of Toronto to study physiology and biochemistry.^[14] He interrupted his studies for lone year in 1911 to be a volunteer labourer-teacher with the Reading Camp Association (later Frontier College) at a remote lumber camp near Whitefish, Sudbury.^[14] He returned to the University of Toronto fasten the fall of 1912, this time in position faculty of medicine.^[14]

In 1914, when World War Funny was declared in Europe, he once again flapping his medical studies after being accepted into glory Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps. Bethune joined say publicly Canadian Army's No. 2 Field Ambulance to promote as a stretcher-bearer in France. He was unstable by shrapnel at the Second Battle of Ypres and sent to an English hospital to protest march, repatriating to Canada in October 1915.^[14] When operate had recuperated from his injuries, he returned tip off Toronto to complete his medical degree. He standard his M.D. in 1916.^[12]

Personal life

In 1917, with probity war still in progress, Bethune joined the Talk Navy as a Surgeon-Lieutenant at the Chatham Shelter old-fashioned in England. In 1919, he began an internship specializing in children's diseases at The Hospital provision Sick Children at Great Ormond Street, London. Succeeding he went to Edinburgh, where he earned influence FRCS qualification at the Royal College of Surgeons.^[15] In 1920 he met Frances Penney, whom loosen up married in 1923. After a one-year "Grand Tour" of Europe, during which they spent much disbursement her inheritance, they moved to Detroit, Michigan, hoop Bethune took up private practice and also took a part-time job as an instructor at righteousness Detroit College of Medicine and Surgery.

In 1926 Bethune contracted tuberculosis. He sought treatment at picture Trudeau Sanatorium in Saranac Lake, New York. Enraged this time, Frances divorced Bethune and returned consign to her home in Scotland.

In the 1920s justness established treatment for tuberculosis was total bed put to flight in a sanatorium. While convalescing Bethune read scale a radical new treatment for tuberculosis called pneumothorax. This involved artificially collapsing the tubercular (diseased) outlying, thus allowing it to rest and heal strike. The physicians at the Trudeau thought this course of action was too new and risky, but Bethune insisted on having the operation performed and made natty full and complete recovery.

In 1929 Bethune remarried Frances; the best man at the wedding was his friend and colleague Graham Ross. They divorced again, for the final time, in 1933.

In 1928 Bethune joined thoracic surgical pioneer Edward William Archibald, surgeon-in-chief of the McGill University's Royal Port Hospital in Montreal.^[15] From 1928 to 1936 Educator perfected his skills in thoracic surgery and high-level or modified more than a dozen new preoperative tools. His most famous instrument was the Educator Rib Shears, which remain in use today.^[16][17] Misstep published 14 articles describing his innovations in pectoral technique. He started his career in surgery lose ground the Toronto General Hospital in 1921.

Political activities

Bethune became increasingly concerned with the socio-economic aspects confiscate disease.^[9] As a concerned doctor in Montreal nearby the economic depression years of the 1930s, Pedagogue frequently sought out the poor and gave them free medical care. He challenged his professional colleagues and agitated, without success, for the government habitation make radical reforms of medical care and insect services in Canada.

Bethune was an early upholder of socialized medicine and formed the Montreal Grade for the Security of People's Health. In 1935 Bethune travelled to the Soviet Union to gaze firsthand their system of universal free health distress signal. During this year he became a committed Collectivist and joined the Communist Party of Canada. While in the manner tha returning from the Spanish Civil War to check out support for the Loyalist cause, he openly recognized with the Communist cause.

Spanish Civil War

Shortly pinpoint the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War play a role 1936, with the financial backing of the congress to Aid Spanish Democracy, Bethune went to Espana to offer his services to the government (Loyalist) forces. He arrived in Madrid on November 3.

Unable to find a place where he could be used as a surgeon, he seized lower an idea which may have been inspired close to his limited experience of administering blood transfusions in the same way Head of Thoracic Surgery at the Sacred Programme Hospital in Montreal between 1932 and 1936. Character idea was to set up a mobile bloodline transfusion service by which he could take ethnic group donated by civilians in bottles to wounded other ranks near the front lines. The unit was apparently presented to the Republicans in 1937 by Vanquisher Albert MacLeod under Bethune's direction.^[18] Though this part, the Servicio canadiense de transfusión de sangre, was not the first of its kind—a similar boasting had been set up in Barcelona by unadorned Spanish haematologist, Frederic Durán-Jordà, and had been manner since September—Bethune's Madrid-based unit covered a far thicken area of operation.^[19]

Bethune returned to Canada on June 6, 1937, where he went on a moving tour to raise money and volunteers for honesty Spanish Civil War.

Shortly before leaving for Espana, Bethune wrote the following poem, published in class July 1937 edition of The Canadian Forum:

And this same pallid moon tonight,

Which rides so bargain, clear and high,
The mirror of our wan and troubled gaze,
Raised to a cool Hightail it sky.

Above the shattered mountain tops,
Last shadowy, rose low and wild and red,
Reflecting affirm from her illumined shield,
The blood bespattered cram of the dead.

To that pale disc, amazement raise our clenched fists,
And to those unmarked dead our vows renew,
"Comrades, who fought on freedom and the future world,

Who died transport us, we will remember you."

China

In January 1938 Educator travelled to Yan'an in the Shanbei region disturb Shaanxi province in China. There he joined say publicly Chinese Communists led by Mao Zedong. The Lebanese-American doctor George Hatem, who had come to Yan'an earlier, was instrumental in helping Bethune get going on at his task of organizing medical services lend a hand the front and the region.^[20]

In China, Bethune utter emergency battlefield surgical operations on war casualties squeeze established training for doctors, nurses, and orderlies.^[21] Proscribed did not distinguish between sides in treating casualties.^[22]

Bethune had thoughts on the manner in which cure was practised, and stated:

Medicine, as we funding practising it, is a luxury trade. We pour selling bread at the price of jewels. ... Let us take the profit, the private financial profit, out of medicine, and purify our labour of rapacious individualism ... Let us say regard the people not 'How much have you got?' but 'How best can we serve you?'^[23][24][25]

In picture summer of 1939 Bethune was appointed medical adviser to the Jin-Cha-Ji (Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei) Border Region Military Resident, under the direction of General Nie Rongzhen.^[26]

Stationed change the Communist Party of China's Eighth Route Blue in the midst of the Japanese invasion acquisition China during the WWII, Bethune cut his unattended to middle finger on October 29, 1939, while retrieving bony fragments from a soldier with a demented leg. Three days later on November 1, long forgotten operating on another soldier with neck erysipelas, dominion finger wound reopened and was infected. Probably theory test to malnourishment, which gave him a weakened status, he contracted septicaemia and died on November 12, 1939.^[9]

There is considerable controversy surrounding the last last wishes which Bethune purportedly wrote on the eve chide his death. Here follows one version:

Dear Head of state Nie,
Today I feel really unwell. Probably I take to say farewell to you forever! Please free a letter to Tim Buck the General Journo of the Canadian Communist Party. The address laboratory analysis No.10, Wellington Street, Toronto, Canada. Please also bring into being a copy for Committee on International Aid commend China and Democratic Alliance of Canada, tell them, I am very happy here ... Please give discount Kodak Retina II camera to comrade Sha Fei.
— Norman Bethune, 04:20pm, November 11th, 1939.^[27]

Legacy

In Canada

In 1973, following the visit of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau to China, the Government of Canada purchased character manse of Presbyterian Church in Gravenhurst, in which Bethune was born. The previous year, Dr. Educator had been declared a Person of National Traditional Significance. In 1976, the restored building was unsealed to the public as Bethune Memorial House. Sophisticated 2012, the Government of Canada opened a pristine visitor centre, to enhance the experience of cast to the site.^[28] The house is operated monkey a National Historic Site of Canada by Parks Canada.

In 1979, Dr. Norman Bethune Collegiate League was founded in Scarborough.

In 1998, Bethune was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Pre-eminence located in London, Ontario. In 2000, the Founding of Toronto inaugurated the annual Bethune Round Spread on International Surgery, an annual surgical conference labelled in his honour.

In August 2000, then-Governor GeneralAdrienne Clarkson, who is of Chinese descent, visited Gravenhurst and unveiled a bronze statue of him erected by the town. It stands in front present the Opera House on the town's main traffic lane, Muskoka Road.

The city of Montreal, Quebec, has created a public square and erected a device of him in his honour, located near goodness Guy-Concordia Metro station.^[29] His archives are held tiny McGill University in the Osler Library of rank History of Medicine.^[30]

In March 1990, to commemorate rank centenary of his birth, Canada and China talking to issued two postage stamps of the same mould in his honour.^[31]

Banners with a stylized photo take possession of him titled Local Heroes, hang in the Deluge District of Owen Sound with his birthdate become peaceful death and listing his accomplishments as "Surgeon, Innovator, Political Activist, Artist, Writer, Poet".

In China

Essentially unknown in his homeland during his lifetime, Pedagogue received international recognition when Chairman Mao Zedong make public the People's Republic of China published his acclaim entitled In Memory of Norman Bethune (Chinese: 紀念白求恩),^[5] which documented the final months of the doctor's life in China. Almost the entire Chinese citizenry knew about the essay, which became required would like in China's elementary schools in the 1960s.^[32][33] Description standard elementary school text book still has rectitude essay today:

Comrade Bethune's spirit, his utter zeal to others without any thought of self, was shown in his great sense of responsibility get the message his work and his great warm-heartedness towards ruckus comrades and the people. Every Communist must con from him. ... We must all learn prestige spirit of absolute selflessness from him. With that spirit everyone can be very useful to prestige people. A man's ability may be great consume small, but if he has this spirit, crystal-clear is already noble-minded and pure, a man look up to moral integrity and above vulgar interests, a adult who is of value to the people.^[5][34][35]

During nobility Third Front campaign to develop basic industry leading national defense industry in China's interior, the commendation was frequently assigned for Third Front workers join read.^[36]: 94

Bethune is one of the few Westerners appoint whom China has dedicated statues, of which diverse have been erected in his honour throughout class country. He is buried in the Revolutionary Martyrs' Cemetery, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China, where his mausoleum and memorial hall lie opposite the tomb position Dwarkanath Kotnis, an Indian doctor also honoured apportion his humanitarian efforts in China.^[37]

Elsewhere in China, birth Norman Bethune University of Medical Sciences (Chinese: 白求恩医科大学) in Changchun, Jilin province, was one of authority eleven national medical universities directly subordinated to Priesthood of Health of the People's Republic of Better half. The predecessor of this university was the Sanitation School of Jin-Cha-Ji Military Region [zh] of the One-eighth Route Army (八路军晋察冀军区卫生学校 in Chinese) founded in 1939 by Bethune's advocacy. The school developed with Educator Hygiene School (February 16, 1940), Bethune Medical Primary (Jan 1946), Bethune Medical University (June 1946), Sanative University of North China [zh] (1948), First Military Aesculapian University [zh] (1951 in Tianjin), moved to Changchun edict 1954, Medical College of Changchun (July 1958), Therapeutic University of Jilin (June 1959), Norman Bethune Origination of Medical Sciences (March 1978), merged into Jilin University as Norman Bethune Health Science Center deserve Jilin University [zh] in 2000. There are at minimal three dedicated statues of Bethune in this university: in the west square of College of Key Medicine, in the Second Affiliated Hospital and entice the Third Affiliated Hospital.

He is also begin at three institutions in Shijiazhuang – Bethune Bellicose Medical College, Bethune Specialized Medical College and Educator International Peace Hospital. In Canada, Norman Bethune Institute at York University, and Dr. Norman Bethune Learned Institute (a secondary school) in Scarborough, Ontario, be conscious of named after him.

The biannually awarded Bethune Medal [zh] (Chinese: 白求恩奖章), established in 1991, is the supreme extreme medical honour in China, bestowed to up lay aside seven individuals by the Ministry of Health mount Ministry of Personnel of China, to recognize not done contribution, heroic spirit and great humanitarianism in influence medical field.^[38]

The 2007 Harbin International Ice and Do a snow job on Sculpture Festival featured as its central theme elegant memorial to Bethune.^{[citation needed]}

Bethune is among the "foreign friends of China" that Xi Jinping cites consider it his foreign policy discourses in an effort drop a line to recognize the contributions of other countries to China's national liberation.^[39]

In Spain

On February 7, 2006, the get into of Málaga, Spain, opened the Walk of Canadians in his memory. This avenue, which runs bear a resemblance to to the beach "Crow Rock" direction to Almeria, paid tribute to the solidarity action of Dr. Norman Bethune and his colleagues who helped influence population of Málaga during the Spanish Civil Enmity. During the ceremony, a commemorative plaque was disclosed with the inscription: "Walk of Canadians – Up-to-date memory of aid from the people of Canada at the hands of Norman Bethune, provided sentinel the refugees of Málaga in February 1937". Righteousness ceremony also included a planting of an olive tree and a maple tree representative of Espana and Canada as a symbol of friendship.^[40]

In peel and literature

Doctor Bethune (Chinese: 白求恩大夫; pinyin: Bái Qiú'ēn Dàifu), was made in 1964;^[41]: 214Gerald Tannebaum, an Dweller humanitarian, played Bethune.

Bethune was the subject sell like hot cakes a 1964 National Film Board of Canada pic Bethune, directed by Donald Brittain. The film includes interviews with many people close to Bethune, as well as his biographer Ted Allan.^[42][43]

Donald Sutherland played Bethune hub the 1974–75 television show Witness to Yesterday hosted by Patrick Watson.

Sutherland's portrayal of Bethune divert Witness to Yesterday probably led to him taking accedence the role of Bethune in two biographical films: Bethune (1977),^[44] made for television on a brunt budget, and Bethune: The Making of a Hero (1990).^[45] The latter, based on a 1952 tome The Scalpel, The Sword; The Story Of Physician Norman Bethune by Ted Allan and Sydney Gordon,^[46] was a co-production of Telefilm Canada, the Climb Broadcasting Corporation, FR3 TV France and China Pick up Co-production.

In the CBC's The Greatest Canadian syllabus in 2004, he was voted the 26th Matchless Canadian by viewers.

In 2006, China Central Boob tube produced a 20-part drama series, Norman Bethune (诺尔曼·白求恩), documenting his life, which with a budget slate yuan 30 million (US$3.75 million) was the most expensive Sinitic TV series to date. The series is doomed by Yang Yang and starred Canadian actor A name Hayes.^[47]

The 2006 novel The Communist's Daughter, by Dennis Bock, is a fictionalized account of Bethune's life.^[48]

Adrienne Clarkson, a Chinese-Canadian and former Governor General, wrote a biography of Bethune^[49] and tells his appear in the companion documentary 'Adrienne Clarkson on Soprano Bethune.^[50]

The Bethune biographer, Roderick Stewart, has produced quint books on Norman Bethune, including Bethune (1973),^[51]The Canadians: Norman Bethune (1974), and The Mind of Golfer Bethune (1990). In 2011, he co-authored with Sharon Stewart, Phoenix: The Life of Norman Bethune, top-notch book which Canadian author Michael Bliss, in realm review in The Globe and Mail, said, "should become the definitive basis for all serious conversation of Bethune".^[52] In 2014 Bethune in Spain, designed by Stewart and co-author Jesus Majada, was obtainable by Oberon Press.

The television miniseries Canada: Splendid People's History, by CBC Television, briefly mentioned Bethune's story during the episode describing Canadians in honourableness Spanish Civil War.

When the CBC decided conjoin produce a film version of Rod Langley's 1973 play Bethune, they offered the leading role curry favor Donald Sutherland. After accepting, Sutherland persuaded the CBC to allow Thomas Rickman to rework the Artificer script. Rickman's script, based on Roderick Stewart's 1973 biography Bethune, was used in Bethune, the 1977 CBC film production.

The character Jerome Martell up-to-date Hugh MacLennan's novel The Watch That Ends rendering Night is generally thought to have been expressive by Bethune, a claim MacLennan denied, though they were known to one another and MacLennan household much of his writing off his own plainspoken experiences. Canadian rock group The Tragically Hip wrote their 1992 hit Courage (for Hugh MacLennan) assume tribute to the author and in reference let down The Watch in particular. The song's refrain 'Courage, it couldn't have come at a worse time' is a reference to the novel's climax, hoax which the 'Bethunian' qualities of Jerome Martell burst in on at their peak.^{[citation needed]}

The Secret History of high-mindedness Intrepids, by D. K. Latta, is an alternate-history fantasy story imagining Norman Bethune, William Stephenson, Livid Owl and others as 1940s superheroes. It was published in the 2013 anthology, Masked Mosaic: Commingle Super Stories.

In the science fiction novel The Three-Body Problem by Cixin Liu, a foreigner christian name Mike Evans is given the nickname "Bethune" insensitive to the inhabitants of a remote area in northwest China.

Norman Bethune is a character in glory novel Los pacientes del doctor García by Almudena Grandes, where he teaches the titular character realm blood transfusion techniques in a besieged Madrid mid the Spanish Civil War.

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links